Structural
Features Content Analysis Project
DATE:
SEPTEMBER 12, 1997
CODING
MANUAL: TIMEPOINT VARIABLES
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Identify timepoint(s) to code by consulting
either the list of Reliability Timepoints or the list of Individual Coder
Timepoints. Follow the instructions on that list. If you have questions,
contact Cheryl Bracken.
2. Take the tape, and if appropriate the list of
Reliability Timepoints, to the graduate editing room (first floor Annenberg --
the access code is 125).
3. Choose a VCR/monitor based on the following
list of priority (i.e., use the first VCR/monitor on this list that is not
already being used):
Bench
3 - Right monitor
Bench
1 - Left monitor
Bench
1 - Right monitor
Bench
4 - Left monitor
Bench
4 - Right monitor
Bench
6 - Left monitor
Bench
6 - Right monitor
Bench
5 - Left monitor
Bench
5 - Right monitor
Bench
3 - Left monitor [as of July 1997 this deck is allowing the tape to
"slip"; do not use it]
It may be necessary to reserve VCR/monitor(s) for the time you will
be using them. There is a reservation sheet posted outside of the room.
4. Turn on the monitor and the VCR. Before
inserting the tape into the machine, copy from the tape label the information
requested at the beginning of the Coding Sheet.
5. Insert the tape into the machine and rewind
the tape to the beginning.
6. Make sure you are familiar with all of the
Guidelines for Using the Video Equipment and General Rules listed below. Reread
them if necessary.
7. Complete the Coding Sheet CAREFULLY; read and reread the
DEFINITIONS and NOTES in this Coding Manual for each question, and consult the
glossary of terms (the complete glossary is a separate document), as you code.
If you have questions contact Jennifer Snyder.
GUIDELINES FOR USING VIDEO
EQUIPMENT:
1. The "Reset" button is on the upper
left or upper right corner of the machine. Use this button when the coding
sheet instructs you to set the counter to zero.
2. do not
keep one image paused on the screen longer than necessary. If the
machine is kept in pause mode for a certain amount of time, it will stop
automatically to avoid excess wear on the tape, and you will risk losing the
exact starting point for coding.
3. Use the knob to "jog" and
"shuttle" through the tape. DO NOT USE THE "FAST-FORWARD"
OR "REWIND" BUTTONS unless you are finished coding. These functions
are more likely to strain the tape and cause "slippage" in the
time-counter. Also use "Pause"
rather than "Stop" -- again, this lessens the risk of
straining the tape and of losing the exact starting point.
4. Avoid switching directions (forward to
reverse) suddenly or repeatedly switching from "jog" to
"shuttle" modes.
5. As you move slowly through the tape, you will
notice horizontal lines that serve as dividers between frames. Keep in mind
that a frame is complete only when those dividers are not visible. When looking
for a complete frame, move the knob slightly forward or back until the divider
disappears.
GENERAL RULES
[READ AND REREAD THESE OFTEN!!!]
1. If you can not easily decide how to code
something, first reread all of the relevant DEFINITIONS and NOTES in the coding
manual, then reread these General Rules to see if one or more of them applies.
If you still can not easily decide how to code, CONTACT JENNIFER SNYDER AND DESCRIBE
THE GENERAL PROBLEM (DO NOT DESCRIBE THE SPECIFIC PROBLEM; DO NOT CONSULT ANY
OTHER CODER(S). If you can not reach JENNIFER, write a complete description of
the problem/issue and staple it to the back of the coding sheet. Note the
problem on the appropriate space of the coding sheet.
2. A formal feature (including a credit,
graphic, id logo, program segment, etc.) begins with the first frame in which
the feature appears in a complete, "normal", "faded in"
image and ends with the last frame in which the feature appears in a complete,
"normal", "not faded out" image. Both the image and the
specific formal feature must be complete, “normal”, and “faded in”/”not faded
out”. Unless specifically instructed to do so, DO NOT CODE VARIABLES THAT OCCUR
IN TRANSITIONS between one image and another or an image and a blank screen -
instead move the tape forward past the transition.
3. DO NOT reset the timer to zero unless the
coding sheet specifically instructs you to do so.
4. Do not use the television content or form
that precedes or follows the exact 10 second interval selected for coding to
answer any coding items unless you are specifically instructed to do so.
5. For variables in which hours, minutes, and
seconds, but not frames are requested, round to the nearest second: if
the frame number is 15 or above, round up to the next second; if the frame
number is 14 or below, round down to the previous second.
6. ALL elements of a program or program segment
must be interrupted ("go away") in order to code a program
interruption or end of program segment as having occurred (i.e., that a new
segment has begun).
7. Content that is animated should be coded just
as live action content is. For example, camera movement, camera shot length,
music, special visual effects, special audio effects, etc. all can exist in
animation, even if they are created in a different way. Therefore, all general
rules and notes that apply to live action also apply to animation.
8. If there are two or more separate pictures
(simultaneous video pictures) on the screen, code variables in the individual
pictures unless a response option "Simultaneous video pictures" is
offered or the definitions and notes for the variable instruct otherwise.
9. If the screen contains only ONE picture and it
does not occupy the entire screen, code variables within that picture.
Images can naturally contain other
images (as when a television is shown in the background) -- these background
images should not be considered separately.
In cases where two pictures appear in
the same space on the screen (e.g., in music video when two different views of
an artist are shown, overlapping each other), if one of the pictures appears to
be dominant, code only that picture. If neither picture is dominant, DO NOT consider
changes in the individual pictures to apply to the overall image.
10. For transitions other than cuts (e.g.,
fades, dissolves, wipes, etc.) consider the end of the first shot to be the
last frame during which a completely unchanged, normal image appears; the next
shot begins on the first frame during which all indications of the transition
are gone and a normal image appears; all frames between these two constitute
the duration of the transition.
Unless specifically instructed to do
so, DO NOT code variables for images during these transitions. For example, if
the first frame of the 10 second interval is in the middle of a transition,
instead of coding that frame move to the first normal image following that
frame and code that image.
11. Do not code camera movements that are so
subtle and brief that they can not be clearly identified as actual camera
movements.
12. For all variables that record durations of
structural features, note that the coded durations will always be one frame
less than the actual durations. So if an inter-segment interval is just one
frame in duration, proper coding would be to record the duration as zero
frames.
GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS
[READ AND REREAD THESE OFTEN!!!]
(A separate document contains a complete
glossary)
Anchor
frame - the frame that follows the first cut (not dissolve
or other transition) that follows the timepoint frame; it is used to avoid
problems due the tape counter slipping as a result of moving the tape back and
forth during coding.
Timepoint
frame - the frame that begins the 10 second interval used
for coding a given randomly selected timepoint value.
Frame - an
individual photograph on a video tape; when a tape is played at normal speed 30
frames are shown in rapid succession during every second, creating the illusion
of motion.
Image -
the contents of the entire viewing screen.
Picture - a
self-contained, bordered representation of objects, entities, etc.; there may
be more than one picture in a given image.
Response
option - a specific value among a set of exhaustive and
mutually exclusive values that the coder selects when coding a variable by
placing an "x" or a number in the appropriate space.
Screen -
the physical border that encloses the image on a television set.
Variable - an
operationalization of a concept that varies, with an exhaustive and mutually
exclusive set of values represented by response options. Also referred to as
"item" or "question".
CODING SHEET 2:
TIMEPOINT VARIABLES
Date
of coding: ______________
Name of coder:_______________________________ Date
of entry: ______________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Sampling
information [Copy from tape label]
TAPE#:
__ __ __ __
Recorded
on: MOnth: __ __ DaTe: __ __ YeaR: 9 5
DAY
of week:
(1.) Sunday _____
[1]
(2.) Monday _____
[2]
(3.) Tuesday _____
[3]
(4.) Wednesday _____
[4]
(5.) Thursday _____
[5]
(6.) Friday _____
[6]
(7.) Saturday _____
[7]
Time:
HOUR: __ __ AM / PM (circle one)
CHANNEL:
_______
[Copy
from table of random time points:]
INTERVal
#: _________ [1-8] Hours:__ __ Minutes: __ __ Seconds: __ __
_________________________________________________________________________________________
******************************************************************************************
INSTRUCTIONS FOR LOCATING TIMEPOINT
1. Make sure tape is rewound to beginning.
2. Move the tape forward to the frame that
follows the first cut (a complete image change between one frame and another,
not a dissolve or other transition) in the recording (use the editing wheel to
make sure you watch all of the images at the very beginning of the tape; move
to the frame that follows the first cut even if the image at that frame is
flawed because it is so close to the beginning of the recording; do not
consider the first frame of the recording itself to be a cut; the transition
from a blue screen with date/time/channel of the recording to the recording
itself should be considered the first cut; a complete transition from blank screen
to full image or full image to blank screen is a cut).
3. Set counter to zero (i.e., 00:00:00:00).
4. Move the tape forward exactly one minute
(i.e., until counter reads 00:01:00:00).
5. Set counter to zero.
6. IF YOU ARE DOING RELIABILITY CODING:
Check the list of random timepoints for the tape
you are coding.
** If someone else has filled in the location of
anchor frame and descriptions of anchor and timepoint frames, you can press
stop and then fast forward to move the tape to the timepoint frame. Be sure to
confirm that you have identified the same exact frame as the person who filled
out the form. If the location of an anchor frame that you find is different
than the one written on the list of random timepoints, use the location written
on the list, rather than the location you’ve identified. IF YOU CANNOT FIND THE
CORRET IMAGE NOTIFY CHERYL BRACKEN IMMEDIATELY!! Code variable 1 using
information from the list of timepoints, then skip to variable 2 and continue
coding.
** If no one has filled in the location of
anchor frame and descriptions of anchor and timepoint frames, continue with
these instructions.
7. Move the tape forward to the exact random
time point from the list of timepoints you are using. NOTE: The list of random
time points lists only minutes and seconds, not frames. Therefore, at every
starting timepoint, the last two digits on the counter (the frame counter)
should be zero (00).
8. Set counter to zero.
9. Play the next 10 seconds of tape.
10.
Code variable 1and then follow the instructions after variable 1.
1. How many segment genres in
10 seconds?
_____[1]
One [follow appropriate instructions below]
_____[2]
Two [follow appropriate instructions below]
_____[3]
Three or more [follow appropriate instructions below]
FULL
QUESTION:
How many
different segment genres are contained within the 10 second?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Segment
- uninterrupted portion of one programming element (e.g., program,
advertisement, promotional announcement, public service announcement, or
bumper); segments are typically separated by inter-segment intervals, which
typically are short periods during which the screen is black and no sound is
heard (although the inter-segment interval sometimes is quite short or even
nonexistent, in which case only a cut separates segments).
Segment
genre - a category of programming element. The particular types are defined
under variable 2.
NOTES:
·
In any 10 second interval there may be more segments
than segment genres (e.g., two commercials in a row represent two segments but
only one segment genre).
·
A technical mistake that causes a very brief appearance
of part of a segment (e.g., a commercial not scheduled to be shown) should not
be considered a separate segment.
·
Distinct portions of a segment that are nevertheless
part of the segment should not be coded as a separate segment. This includes,
for example, a miscellaneous program-related element, the end of a commercial
in which information for ordering a product is shown, or a presentation at the
end of segment of news describing what is "coming up next.
·
Note that a program bumper is a specific type of
segment genre and therefore should be coded as a separate segment genre.
________________________________________________________________________________________
INSTRUCTIONS FOR LOCATING TIMEPOINT (CONTINUED)
IF
THERE IS ONE SEGMENT GENRE IN 10 SECOND INTERVAL:
1. Move the tape to zero. This is the TIMEPOINT
FRAME and all variables in this Coding Sheet will be based on this exact
timepoint.
2. Move the tape forward to the frame that
follows the first cut that follows this timepoint frame -- this is the ANCHOR
FRAME for the timepoint frame (remember that a cut is a complete image change
between one frame and another, not a dissolve or other transition; a complete
transition from blank screen to full image or full image to blank screen is a
cut).
3. Record the minutes, seconds, and frames of
this anchor frame below, and if the timepoint came from the list of Reliability
Timepoints record it on that list as well.
LOCATION OF ANCHOR FRAME FOR THIS TIMEPOINT
Anchor frame: __ __
minutes __ __ seconds __ __ frames
4. FOR RELIABILITY CODING: If no coder has
filled in the information on the list of Reliability Timepoints, write your
anchor frame, a brief description of the image, and your initials in the spaces
provided.
5. Go
to question 2.
IF
THERE ARE TWO SEGMENT GENRES IN 10 SECOND INTERVAL:
1. Move the tape to the last frame of the
segment genre that was in progress at the random time point.
2. Reset counter to zero.
3. Move the tape back 20 seconds.
4. Reset timer to zero.
5. Play the next 10 seconds of tape.
* If there is only one segment genre
in these 10 seconds follow the instructions in the previous section
for "If there is one segment
genre in 10 second interval";
* If there are two segment genres in
these 10 seconds go back to instruction 1directly above.
* If there are three or more segment
genres in these 10 seconds go to the instructions below for "If
there are three or more segment
genres in 10 second interval"
IF
THERE ARE THREE OR MORE SEGMENT GENRES IN 10 SECOND INTERVAL:
1. Move tape to the first frame of the segment
genre in progress at the random time point.
2. Reset timer to zero.
3. You will need to code only this segment genre
even though it is less than 10 seconds long (most likely a bumper, station
identification, or promotional spot). Complete variable 1a below.
1a. Duration of segment genre
to be coded?
__ __ seconds __ __ frames
4. Now that one segment genre has been
identified for coding, follow the instructions in the previous section for
"If there is one segment genre in 10 second interval"
__________________________________________________________________________________________
10
SECOND INTERVAL VARIABLES
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the segment genre?
Comedy
_____ [01] Situation comedy (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [02] Other (Describe/Title:______________________________________________)
Drama
_____ [03] Medical drama (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [04] Crime/legal/mystery drama (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [05] Science fiction/fantasy/horror (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [06] Other (Describe/Title:______________________________________________)
Serial
_____ [07] Daytime soap opera (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [08] Prime time soap opera (Title:______________________________________________)
Movie
_____ [09] TV movie (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [10] Theatrical film (Title:______________________________________________)
Informational/educational
_____ [11] Local news (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [12] National/international news (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [13] Documentary (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [14] Magazine (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [15] Reality program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [16] Instructional program (adults) (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [17] Other (Describe/Title:______________________________________________)
Talk
_____ [18] Celebrity talk (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [19] Political talk/com-
mentary/interview (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [20] Theme/topic show (Title:______________________________________________)
Promotional
_____ [21] Infomercial (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [30] Program/channel promo spot (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [31] Program bumper (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [32] Commercial (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [33] Public service announcement (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [34] Station identification (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [35] Other (Product:______________________________________________)
Miscellaneous
_____ [22] Live action children's
educational
program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [23] Animated children's
educational
program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [24] Live action NONeducational
children's
program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [25] Animated NONeducational
children's
program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [26] Game show (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [27] Sports event (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [28] Music video program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [29] Other (Describe/title:______________________________________________)
FULL
QUESTION:
What
is the genre of the segment?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Comedy
[01]
Situation comedy - actors portray characters, usually a family. Has a regular
cast. (e.g., Full House, All in the Family, Seinfeld)
[02]
Other - including sketch comedy, standup comedy, political comedy, etc. (e.g.,
Mad TV, Saturday Night Live, At the Improv, comedy shorts such as Our Gang and
Three Stooges)
Drama
[03]
Medical drama - dramatic story in medical setting (e.g., ER, Chicago Hope)
[04]
Crime/legal/mystery drama - dramatic story in criminal and criminal justice
setting, including pursuit, capture, punishment of criminals (e.g., Law &
Order, Matlock, Murder She Wrote, Columbo)
[05]
Science fiction/fantasy/horror - dramatic story in "fantastic"
setting (e.g., Star Trek, Liquid TV, Hercules, Tales of the Crypt)
[06]
Other - including family drama (e.g., Little House, Dr. Quinn, Touched by an
Angel) and westerns
Serial
[07]
Daytime soap opera - daily serial drama airing in morning or afternoon (e.g.,
All My Children)
[08]
Prime time soap opera - weekly serial drama known specifically as a
"prime-time soap" (i.e., not just any drama that continues its
storylines from week to week like NYPD Blue) (e.g., Dallas, Dynasty, Melrose
Place, Central Park West, Knot's Landing, Falcon Crest)
Movie
[09]
TV movie - a film made specifically to be shown on television, with pauses
pre-designed for placement of commercials; do not count a special 2-hour
"movie" episode of a regular series (e.g., "In a special 2-hour
Matlock movie..." in this category.
[10]
Theatrical film - a film made specifically to be shown in movie theaters, with
no pauses pre-designed for commercials (e.g., Die Hard, In the Line of Fire)
Informational/educational
[11]
Local news - regularly scheduled broadcast, typically live, of news gathered
from various sources and presented by local station (e.g., Action News, Channel
10 News).
[12]
National/international news - regularly scheduled broadcast, typically live, of
news gathered from various sources and presented by national (e.g., NBC, CBS)
or international (e.g., CNN) news organizations.
[13]
Documentary - one topic examined, often concerning history or nature (e.g.,
Nature, The World at War)
[14]
Magazine - multiple long form (5 or more minute) stories, either tabloid or
traditional formats (e.g., Hard Copy, 60 Minutes, 20/20, 48 Hours). NOTE that
magazine programs may seem similar to talk programs, but magazine programs
typically (but not always) go out of the studio for a story, do not feature an
audience, and do not have guests who come to the studio.
[15]
Reality program - typically use cinema verite to capture or re-create real-life
situations, often without a regular cast (e.g., Cops, 911, Stories of the
Highway Patrol, The Real World)
[16]
Instructional program (adults) - programs that offer the viewer a step by step
explanation of an activity or task (e.g., This Old House, Julia Childs, Graham
Kerr, ESPN exercise shows).
[17]
Other - programs that don't fit in any one of the other categories (e.g., Good
Morning America, Today, CBS Morning News, Extra). This option includes news programs with stories too short to be a
magazine program but on a specific type of
story such as entertainment news (Entertainment Tonight, Showbiz Today)
or sports news (ESPN Sportscenter).
Talk
[NOTE that talk programs may seem similar to news
magazine programs, but talk programs typically (but not always) stay in the
studio for a story, feature an audience, and have guests who come to the
studio.]
[18]
Celebrity talk - a program that features a regular host or hosts with guest(s)
that are primarily entertainment and sports personalities, does not have a
unifying theme throughout a particular episode. (e.g., The Tonight Show, The
Late Show, The Late, Late Show, Regis & Kathie Lee, Late Night with Conan
O'Brien)
[19]
Political talk/commentary/interview - conversations that usually deal with
political topics where the guest(s) and his/her expertise are the focus (e.g.,
This Week with David Brinkley, Face the Nation, Meet the Press, Larry King,
Charlie Rose)
[20]
Theme/topic show - a program that is centered around a particular issue where
the guests are brought in to facilitate the discussion, the host serves to
stimulate discussion and/or moderate between the guest(s) and the audience
(e.g., Montel, Oprah, Donohue, Rolanda, Jenny Jones, Sally J. Raphael, Geraldo)
Promotional
[21]
Infomercial - an advertisement that is longer than traditional commercials
(usually 30 minutes) and uses techniques to appear to be a genre other that an
advertisement, such as a talk show (e.g., exercise, makeup, hair loss, etc. on
cable)
[30] Program/channel promo spot - a segment in
which the channel being viewed and/or a program to be presented in the future
on that channel is/are promoted (e.g., "Friday on Picket Fences",
"NBC Must-See Tuesday...", "A-B-C is the Place To Be").
[31] Program bumper - a very short segment that
identifies ONLY the program in progress and provides a buffer between a program
segment and commercials or other types of program interruptions (e.g., after each
5-7 minute segment of Star Trek: The Next Generation, a program bumper is shown
containing the blue logo for the program on a star-filled background with the
signature orchestral melody of the show).
[32] Commercial - a segment that promotes 1) a
product or service that the viewer is urged to purchase, 2) a political
candidate the viewer is urged to vote for, or 3) the public image of a
for-profit organization; this category does not include messages by nonprofit
groups. Include in this category promotional messages from industry groups,
such as those advocating milk or beef.
[33] Public service announcement - a segment
that promotes attitude, knowledge, and/or behavior change on the part of the
viewer in a message sponsored by a nonprofit organization or obviously provided
without cost by a for-profit media organization (e.g., "This is your
brain; this is your brain on drugs" spots from the Partnership for a
Drug-free America; "The more you know..." spots on NBC)
[34] Station identification - very short
segments that primarily serve to identify the network/station/channel the
viewer is watching, as required a certain number of times each hour, and
typically on the hour and half-hour, by the FCC (e.g., the screen that appears
just before a program begins that says "Channel 6. WPVI.
Philadelphia"). There must be no celebrity, program or channel being
promoted.
[35] Other - e.g., test of Emergency Broadcast
System, bumpers that identify a set of programs (such as Warner Brothers
Cartoon Afternoon)
Miscellaneous
[22]
Live action children's educational program - program designed primarily to
teach children; contains specific provision of information, knowledge, facts,
advice, etc. aimed at children; live action only (e.g., Sesame Street, Barney,
Mr. Rogers, 3-2-1 Contact, Electric Company).
This option does NOT include programs that happen to contain moral messages but are not specifically
designed to teach children specific things (e.g., most situation comedies
contain messages such as "Respect your parents" and "Be
honest", and "Captain Planet" shows superheroes who fight
pollution, etc., but these are designed more to entertain than to be
educational).
[23]
Animated children's educational program - program designed primarily to teach
children; contains specific provision of information, knowledge, facts, advice,
etc. aimed at children; animated or primarily animated only (e.g., Richard
Scary's Storybook/Storytown). This
option does NOT include programs that
happen to contain moral messages but are not specifically designed to
teach children specific things (e.g., most situation comedies contain messages
such as "Respect your parents" and "Be honest", and
"Captain Planet" shows superheroes who fight pollution, etc., but these
are designed more to entertain than to be educational).
[24]
Live action NONeducational children's program - program designed primarily to
entertain children; live action only (e.g., Power Rangers, The Muppets,
Clarissa Explains It All, Are You Afraid of the Dark?)
[25]
Animated NONeducational children's program - program designed primarily to
entertain children; animated or primarily animated only (e.g., X-Men, Rugrats,
Scooby Doo, Mutant Ninja Turtles, Animaniacs, Loony Toons, Tiny Toons)
[26]
Game show - features contestants who participate in an activity with
pre-determined rules in order to win prizes (e.g., Jeopardy, Price is Right,
Wheel of Fortune)
[27]
Sports - broadcast of a sporting event; this includes any kind of athletic
competition (including programs like "American Gladiators", etc.).
This option includes only sports events, NOT sports news programs.
[28]
Music video program - a collection of videos showed under a program title
showed in 30 minutes increments usually has a V. J. (e.g., Big 80s, 8-Track
flashback, Video P.M., Alternative Nation, 120 Minutes, Yo! MTV raps)
[29] Other - programs that don't fit in any one
of the other categories (e.g., breaking news, awards shows, beauty pageants,
variety programs, etc.)
NOTES:
·
If there are two instances of the same genre in the 10
second interval (e.g., 2 commercials), identify the title of both in the space
provided.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
FIRST FRAME OF 10 SECOND INTERVAL VARIABLES
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[For 3-5, code only the FIRST frame in the
10-second interval image (if that frame does not contain a NORMAL, FADED-IN
IMAGE move the tape forward to the first such image).]
3. Number of objects in image?
__ __
objects
FULL
QUESTION:
In
the first frame of the 10 second interval (the timepoint frame) how many
objects are there in the image?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Object
- any distinct, separate thing, person, or entity, including individual words
(or if perceived as separate objects, individual letters), individual distinct
parts of graphics, separate objects in background or foreground, and objects
only partially visible (i.e., blocked by other objects or cut off at edge of
image).
NOTES:
·
An individual word is an object. A word is any
combination of letters and/or numbers that is meaningful. Punctuation is not a
word. When a hyphen connects words, each word is an object (but the hyphen is
not - it is part of the first word). As with letters, for sequences of numbers
each meaningful grouping of numbers is a word/object (so "$4.99" is a
word and so is "(800) 928-2000").
·
In considering what constitutes an object, group things
that are organically or structurally attached to each other (e.g., parts of a
face, fingers on a hand, parts of a person, branches of a tree, trees in a
forest, walls in a room, etc.); do NOT group things that just touch each other
but are distinct. A face is always one object. A bowl of cereal or fruit is one
object unless each piece of cereal/fruit is clearly identifiable.
·
BACKGROUNDS ARE OBJECTS, even those without any texture
or color variation.
·
Count as many separate objects as you can in the image.
·
An identification logo or other graphic should be coded
as an object.
·
Individual members of a crowd or audience should only
be counted separately if they can be identified separately.
·
You don't need to know what an object is to count it as
a separate object.
·
If there are simultaneous video pictures, use the entire
image/screen to code this variable (treat each picture or part of a picture as
an object if appropriate).
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Camera angle?
_____
[1] Low (looking upward)
_____
[2] Medium (eye level)
_____
[3] High (looking down)
_____
[4] Overview (looking straight down)
_____
[5] Underview (looking straight up)
_____
[6] Simultaneous video pictures
_____
[7] Does not apply
FULL
QUESTION:
In
the first frame of the 10 second interval (the timepoint frame) what is the
camera angle in the image?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Camera
angle - the position from which the camera views the subject in an image.
Subject
- the object(s)/entity(ies) that is/are the primary focus of attention in an
image; the part of the image that appears to be most important, central,
emphasized.
Low
(looking upward)- a view from below, looking up at the subject/action.
Medium
(eye level) - a view from the same level as the subject/action.
High
(looking down) - a view from above, looking down on the subject/action.
Overview
(looking straight down)- a view from directly above looking straight down.
Underview
(looking straight up) - a view from directly below looking straight up.
Simultaneous
video pictures - more than one separate image on the screen (not a dissolve).
Does
not apply - a blank screen or an image that contains only text and/or graphics
(i.e., text or graphics or both superimposed over a patterned or unpatterned
background) .
NOTES:
·
If there are two separate pictures on the screen, code
as "simultaneous video pictures".
·
The camera angle in most images is medium; only code an
image as containing a different camera angle if the angle is obviously
different than medium (eye level).
·
Members of a group of objects/entities must all be
equally emphasized in the image for the group to be considered the subject in
the image. The subject in an image may be a group of objects or entities, but
before you code this variable look closely to see if one of the members of the
group is more the focus of attention than the others and therefore the subject
of the image.
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Camera shot length?
_____
[1] Long
_____
[2] Medium
_____
[3] Close-up
_____
[4] Extreme close-up
_____
[5] Simultaneous video pictures
_____
[6] Does not apply
FULL
QUESTION:
In
the first frame of the 10 second interval (the timepoint frame) what is the
camera shot length in the image?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Camera
shot length - the distance the frame maintains from the “subject in an image.
Subject
- the object(s)/entity(ies) that is/are the primary focus of attention in an
image; the part of the image that appears to be most important, central,
emphasized.
Long
shot length - subject occupies between 1 and 25 percent of the image; the
object is framed very loosely (e.g., if the subject is one person, all of the
person's body is shown in the image).
Medium
shot length - subject occupies between 26 and 75 percent of the image; the
object is not framed either very tightly or very loosely (e.g., if the subject
is one person, most but not all of the person's body is shown in the image).
Close-up
shot length - subject occupies between 76 and 90 percent of the image; the
object is framed tightly (e.g., if the subject is one person, only the person's
face is shown in the image, with little background visible).
Extreme
close-up shot length - subject occupies between 91 and 100 percent of the
image; the object fills the image (e.g., if the subject is one person, the
person's face or other body part takes up all of the image, with no background
visible).
Simultaneous
video pictures - two or more distinct pictures are contained in the image.
Does
not apply - a blank screen or an image that contains only text and/or graphics
(i.e., text or graphics or both superimposed over a patterned or unpatterned
background) .
NOTES:
·
If there are two separate pictures on the screen, code
as "simultaneous video pictures".
·
Members of a group of objects/entities must all be
equally emphasized in the image for the group to be considered the subject in
the image. The subject in an image may be a group of objects or entities, but
before you code this variable look closely to see if one of the members of the
group is more the focus of attention than the others and therefore the subject
of the image.
·
The camera shot length in most images is medium; only
code an image as containing a different camera shot length if the shot length
is obviously different than medium.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[For 6 code only the first type of
representational image.]
6.
Type(s) of representational images?
_____
[1] Animation
_____
[2] Live action
_____
[3] Simultaneous combination of animation and live action
(Describe:_____________________________________)
_____
[4] Text and/or graphics only
FULL
QUESTION:
At
the beginning of the 10 second interval what type(s) of representational images
are presented?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Type(s)
of representational images - by definition all television images are symbolic
representations of objects or entities that are not physically present; the
representation can take the different forms identified in this question.
Animation
- images contain ONLY drawings; the contents of the drawings may or may not
appear to move (e.g., Looney Tunes and other cartoons).
Live
action - images contain ONLY photographs of objects or entities; the contents
of the photographs may or may not move. Examples include puppets, claymation,
and animatronics, as well as images that contain special visual effects.
Simultaneous
combinations of animation and live action - images contain both animation and
live action.
Text
and/or graphics only - one or more images contain ONLY text and/or graphics and
nothing else (e.g., information screens during news broadcasts and sponsorship
or viewer discretion messages). The text or graphics can be still or moving.
NOTES:
·
Simultaneous live action and animation is a special
effect and should also be coded in variable 11.
·
Images in which text and/or graphics appear in the same
image with live action should be coded as live action. Similarly, images in
which text and/or graphics appear in the same image with animation should be
coded as animation.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ENTIRE 10 SECOND INTERVAL VARIABLES
[Move
the tape to the exact frame you entered in the Location of Anchor Frame box at
the beginning of the Coding Sheet.
IF
THIS FRAME IS THE FIRST FRAME FOLLOWING A CUT, proceed to next variable.
IF
THIS FRAME IS NO LONGER THE FIRST FRAME FOLLOWING A CUT the tape has slipped
and you must:
1.
Move the tape to the anchor frame (i.e., the frame that follows the first cut
after the timepoint frame).
2.
Reset the time counter to zero (00:00:00:00).
3.
Move the tape back until the time counter indicates the same time as you wrote
in the ANCHOR FRAME box at the beginning of the Coding Sheet but with a
negative sign in front of it.
4. Reset the time counter to zero (00:00:00:00).
5. Proceed to the next variable.
[For 7-8, code the entire 10-second interval.]
AUDIO VARIABLES
7. Audio rate?
__ __
words
FULL QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval how many words are spoken?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Audio
rate - the number of words per interval spoken by anyone -- human or animal or
alien.
NOTES:
·
If a word is being spoken at the exact beginning of the
interval, move to that frame and press play -- if you can identify the word,
count it; if you can't identify the word, do not count it. Similarly, if a word
is being spoken at the exact end of the interval, move to the last frame and
press play -- if you can identify the word, do not count it as part of the
interval; if you can't identify the word, count it as part of the interval.
·
If two or more people are speaking simultaneously, each
person's words must be counted.
·
If languages other than English are spoken, note that
on coding sheet but do not attempt to count words in that language.
·
Do not count sighs, burps, yawns, sound effects, or
other noises as words; a word is not just a sound but an intentional symbolic
utterance.
·
Count each word sung in vocal music in your total.
·
In counting words that are or contain numbers, count
each number as a word; so "five-ninety-nine" is not one word
("5.99") but three.
____________________________________________________________________________________
8. Music?
_____
[0] No [SKIP to
9]
_____
[1] Yes
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval is there at least one instance during which music can be
heard?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Music
- vocal or instrumental sounds that have rhythm, melody, OR harmony. A single
instrumental tone also is considered music.
NOTES:
·
INCLUDE music that is part of program content (e.g., a
radio being played in the scene on a fictional program, a live band
performing).
·
Music does not have to have a melody or beat; it may be
a continuous (one-note) tone.
·
Music may be very short and difficult to identify. If
you think there might be music at the very beginning of the interval, move to
the very first frame (the timepoint frame) and press play -- if you can
identify a musical tone, count it.
______________________________________________________________________________
[For 8a, code the first instance of music in the
interval.]
8a. FOR MUSIC PRESENT:
Background?
_____
[0] No
_____
[1] Yes
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals during which music can be heard, is the first instance of
music in the interval background music?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Music
- vocal or instrumental sounds that have rhythm, melody, OR harmony. A single
instrumental tone also is considered music.
Background
music - music that is not part of the program content (e.g., a radio being
played in the scene on a fictional program or a live band performing is part of
the program content and is NOT background music; most music is background music
that accentuates the emotions or actions in the program without having a
specific identifiable source, that is, the viewer can’t tell who is playing the
music).
NOTES:
·
Music videos can not be coded as containing background
music because the music is part of the program content.
·
The fact that the source of the music is not visible in
the image is not enough on its own to code the music as background music –
there must be no indication that the music being heard is part of the scene or
program content.
______________________________________________________________________________
[For 9, code the entire 10 second interval.]
9.
Picture and sound nonconvergent?
_____
[0] No, never nonconvergent
_____
[1] Yes, at least once nonconvergent
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval is there at least one instance during which the picture
and sound are nonconvergent?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Nonconvergent
picture and sound - the sounds you would reasonably expect to hear if what is
in the picture was physically present are absent, modified, or supplemented.
The audio is not "lined up with" the video -- either there is no way
to specifically identify the source of sounds (e.g., of background music or
voice-overs) or the sound and picture are out of sync in time (e.g., in old
movies where you see someone's mouth move before you hear what they say).
Examples
would be voice-over narration, a music video in which singers are shown acting
out a story rather than actually singing the words that are heard, the presence
of background music, artificial audio effects, and a program in which the sound
and picture are not synchronized. By definition, when any audio can be heard
while the image is completely blank (not just dark) the sound and picture are
nonconvergent.
NOTES:
·
Note that the sound and picture may be related to each
other and still be nonconvergent as defined here.
·
Do NOT count as nonconvergent sequences of images in
which although the source of sound doesn’t match what is in the image, the
source is immediately and obviously present in the action portrayed; for
example in a conversation between two people (even if it takes place over the
phone) some images may show one person reacting/listening to the other while
the sound is of the other person speaking - this is NOT nonconvergent sound and
picture.
·
For simultaneous video pictures, the sound and picture
are nonconvergent unless the sounds match both or all the pictures and aren’t
otherwise nonconvergent (i.e., contain voiceovers, background music, etc.).
·
NONCONVERGENT SOUND AND PICTURE ARE VERY COMMON; CODE
THIS VARIABLE CAREFULLY!
·
If there is background music or narration in the 10
second interval then by definition the picture and sound are nonconvergent.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
VISUAL VARIABLES
10. Editing pace?
__ __
transitions in interval
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval how many transitions are there?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Transition
- a complete change in an image; this may occur suddenly (as in a cut) or
gradually (as in a dissolve). (Note that in some cases objects or entities in
the image before the transition may also appear in the image after the
transition; for the two images to be coded as a transition at least some of the
objects or entities must be in different positions on the screen or be seen
from different camera views.)
NOTES:
·
When one segment ends and another begins there can be
either one transition (if there is a cut between segments, so that there are no
frames that contain a blank image) or two transitions (the first from the first
segment to the inter-segment interval of blank images and the second from the
inter-segment interval to the second segment.
·
Remember that a transition has not occurred unless the
entire image, including any and all pictures within it, changes.
·
If the 10 second interval begins or ends while a
transition is in progress, count the transition(s) as one of the transitions
during the interval.
·
A transition requires a complete change in all of the
contents of an image, either changes in the objects in the image or changes in
their positions in the image. An exception to this is text that is superimposed
over other content: even if the text doesn't change as long as everything else
does it should be coded as a transition (for example, when credits are
superimposed over a series of still shots at the end of a program). This
exception does not apply to text that occurs in an image containing only text
and graphics, or text that appears in a separate simultaneous picture in an
image; in these cases the entire image must change to be considered a
transition.
·
A transition between segments actually can contain just
one transition (segment 1 cuts to or dissolves to segment 2 -- in which case
the duration of the intersegment interval is 0 frames) OR two transitions
(segment 1 cuts or fades out to black, then black cuts or fades into segment 2,
with the black frames being the intersegment interval). This is only between
segments, so that any other transition (within a segment) can only contain one
transition (shot 1 to shot 2); if shot 1 fades out to black and shot 2 fades in
from the black all within a segment, that is a single transition we define as a
"fade out/fade-in" in variable 22a.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
11.
Simultaneous video pictures?
(Check all that apply)
_____
[0/1] Yes, simultaneous RELATED video pictures
_____
[0/1] Yes, simultaneous UNRELATED video pictures
_____
NO
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval is there at least one instance during which there are
two or more pictures in the image at the same time?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Simultaneous
video pictures-- an image that contains more than one picture.
RELATED
video pictures - pictures that logically go together based on content because
they both (all) relate to the specific program or segment in progress (e.g.,
split screen in which people in different cities appear next each other; split
screen in which ending credits for a program appear next to final program
action, such as Frasier)
UNRELATED
video pictures - pictures that logically do NOT go together based on content
because they both (all) do not relate to the specific program or segment in
progress (e.g., split screen in which credits for one program appear next to
picture of anchorperson previewing upcoming news; ESPN sports update containing
scores of other games appears in part of the screen while the game being
broadcast continues in the other part of the screen).
NOTES:
·
Do not code an image containing only text and/or
graphics as simultaneous video pictures.
·
The sections of the screen containing the video
pictures must be separate and distinct, not overlapping (e.g., one part of the
screen may contain credits and another part may contain promotional material;
if any part of the credits appears in front of any part of the promotional
material, do NOT code this as simultaneous video pictures).
·
The simultaneous video pictures may occupy any
combination of nonoverlapping areas of the screen, not just the traditional
split screen format that divides the image in two halves.
·
In some cases the pictures may seem to be related in
only a general rather than a specific way; code as unrelated unless the
relationship is specific. For example, if the sports scores that appear on the
bottom of the screen during Headline News were not merely superimposed over the
picture of the anchor desk but were a completely separate part of the image,
they would be unrelated to the other pictures in the image because even though
they also represent news they represent a completely different part of the news
program.
·
Because at least one of the pictures must not occupy
the entire area of the image to be counted here, do not include dissolves from
one full image to another.
·
This does NOT include images in which objects, or what
are meant to appear to be objects, occupy different and distinct parts of the
screen (e.g., the billboards in the Media TV ending credits and in the Music
City Tonight theme are objects and not simultaneous video pictures). If objects
that aren’t part of, or don’t fit in the scale or layout of, the rest of the
image, then they may represent simultaneous video pictures.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
12.
Artificial special visual effects?
(Check all that apply)
_____
[0/1] [11_1] Blurred image
_____
[0/1] [11_2] Distorted image
_____
[0/1] [11_3] Slow motion
_____
[0/1] [11_4] Time-lapse
_____
[0/1] [11_5] Instant replay
_____
[0/1] [11_6] Color filters
_____
[0/1] [11_7] Jump cut(s)
_____
[0/1] [11_8] Unusual transitions
_____
[0/1] [11_9] Overlapping pictures
_____
[0/1] [11_10] Incomplete
object(s)/entity(ies)
_____
[0/1] [11_11] Simultaneous live-action
and animation
_____
[0/1] [11_12] Simultaneous color and
black & white
_____
[0/1] [11_13] OTHER IMPOSSIBLE ACTION
(Describe:___________________________________)
_____
NONE
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval are there any artificial special visual effects; and if
so, which one(s)?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Special
visual effect - a production technique other than text or graphics that
adds or modifies any part of the image that would be seen in a simple recording
or broadcast of the portrayed events.
Artificial
special visual effect - visual effects likely to DECREASE viewers' suspension
of disbelief or illusion of nonmediation by reminding them of the
artificial/mediated nature of the viewing experience.
Blurred
image - an image that contains vague, indistinct, or fuzzy representations of
object(s)/entity(ies). An example is the subjective view of a person about to
pass out.
Distorted
image - an image that contains representations of object(s)/entity(ies) that
are twisted out of shape, scrambled, mangled or otherwise changed. An example
is a "scrambled" section of the screen when the producers are keeping
a person's identity anonymous (as on Cops).
Slow
motion - a representation of an action that is made to appear slower than it
actually occurred. An example is the manner in which the Bionic Woman or Six
Million dollar man or the Incredible Hulk are shown using their superhuman
powers).
Time-lapse
- a representation of an action made to appear speeded up. The effect is
created by having the camera take a picture at regular intervals such as every
X minutes. The action may appear fluid or "jumpy". Examples include a
sequence that shows a flower blooming and the commercial in which brownies
quickly are stacked up on a plate).
Instant
replay - an action is repeated immediately after it takes place. Examples
include all types of sporting event "plays" and David Letterman's
"Stupid Pet/Human Tricks").
Color
filter - one or more colors are added to the image, which causes at least part
of the scene to appear distinctly tinted. These are common in music videos.
Jump
cut(s) - in this type of cut the position of object(s)/entity(ies) on the
screen in one frame is suddenly shifted in the next. The result is that the
object(s)/entity(ies) seem to jump from one screen location to another for no
apparent reason. A sequence of jump cuts that mimics the faster-than-normal
passage of time is a time-lapse effect. This technique is used often in
Homicide: Life on the Streets.
Unusual
transitions - any transition between shots that is not a simple cut, dissolve,
or fade. Examples are a wipe in which the new image slides into the screen and
a transition in which the image evolves from a geometric shape (these and
others are often used in Home Improvement).
Overlapping
pictures - two or more pictures are on the screen at the same time and at least
part of one appears in the same space as part of another (this is the same as
simultaneous video pictures except that the pictures are not separate,
distinct, and bordered). These are common in music videos.
Incomplete
object(s)/entity(ies) - parts of the dominant object(s)/entity(ies) in an image
are cut off by the edges of the screen. This refers to the purposeful use of a
stylistic production technique that features unusual framing. NOTE: If you are
in doubt about whether an image contains an incomplete object/entity, code it
that way and describe it in detail. Just as the borders of our field of vision
give us incomplete images of objects in our environment, the edges of the television
screen give us incomplete images of objects on the screen, but this is NOT what
is meant here by incomplete object/entity. Code as incomplete object/entity
only those instances in which significant parts of dominant objects/entities
are cut off by the edge of the screen, not just in one frame but in all frames
in which the objects appear in a sequence of images. Code only dominant
objects; remember there can be only 4 of these in any picture. This technique
is often used with faces. An example is a sequence of images in a music video
in which only the left half of a person's face is shown.
Simultaneous
live-action and animation - both animation and live action appear on the screen
at the same time (see the definitions of these in question 6). An example is a
cereal commercial featuring Tony the Tiger or the "Trix are for kids"
rabbit.
Simultaneous
color and black & white - both color and black & white appear on the
screen at the same time (see the definitions of these in question 13).
OTHER
IMPOSSIBLE ACTION - visual special effects that do not fall into any of the
other categories but produce the portrayal of actions or events that would
logically, and obviously, be impossible in the context of the environment and
genre of the program segment (e.g., objects or entities moving, morphing, etc.
on their own in a commercial for candy). Remember to allow for the possible and
impossible based on the environment and genre of the program segment - floating
is impossible on earth but not in space; morphing is an artificial visual
special effect in a police drama but not a science-fiction movie like The
Terminator). Don’t overanalyze; the impossibility must be obvious. This does NOT include moving, morphing,
blinking etc. of text or graphics.
NOTES:
·
As indicated in the General Notes, code animation as
you would live action.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
13.
Color versus black & white?
(Check all that apply)
_____
[0/1] Color image
_____
[0/1] Black & white image
_____
[0/1] Simultaneous color and black & white
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval are there color images, black and white images, and/or
images that contain both color and black and white?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Simultaneous
color and black & white -- if both color and black & white appear
simultaneously in any image.
NOTES:
·
Simultaneous color and black & white is also an
artificial special visual effect and should be coded under variable 12.
·
An image that contains white text over a black
background is NOT a black and white image.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[For 14 code only the first subjective camera
shot in the 10 second interval.]
14.
Subjective camera shot?
_____ [0]
NO
_____
[1] Direct address breaking fourth wall
_____
[2] Direct address not breaking fourth
wall
_____
[3] Implied participant
_____
[4] Implied participant/body visible
_____
[5] Implied participant/point-of-view
movement
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval is there at least one subjective camera shot; if so,
what type or types of subjective camera techniques does the first subjective
camera shot contain?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Subjective
camera shot - a series of images that recreate a view through an actual or
implied object or entity's eyes; the specific techniques for creating this view
are listed in this variable.
Direct
address - a technique in which the person on the screen seems to speak directly
to the viewer (e.g., news anchors and talk show hosts). The person or entity in
the shot must look directly at the camera (viewer) at least once to qualify as
direct address (i.e., don't assume that because the interval contains a talk
show monologue that the host looks directly at the viewer during the interval).
The person must look directly at the camera (viewer), not slightly off to the
side as if they're talking to an unseen interviewer.
Direct
address breaking fourth wall - the "fourth wall" is the implied wall
through which the viewer is able to see objects/entities on television (i.e.
the wall is the camera lens or glass viewing screen). When a character suddenly
or unexpectedly looks at the camera and makes some statement (verbal or
otherwise) to the viewers, this is considered "breaking the fourth
wall." This must occur in either a fictional program (sitcom, drama, etc.
-- in this genre the viewer's presence is never acknowledged except with this
technique) or in a commercial; if it occurs in a commercial watch the entire
segment and make sure that the viewer's presence is not initially acknowledged.
Direct
address not breaking fourth wall - if there is direct address without breaking
of a fourth wall as defined above (e.g., news anchorperson, David Letterman) then
this in NOT considered breaking the fourth wall.
Implied
participant - the camera shows what a specific person or entity in the scene
sees -- the viewer takes the role of one of the people (entities) in the scene
(i.e., "the viewer sees through the eyes of a character") (e.g., a
shaky camera implies that someone is viewing a particular scene -- if the point
of view is associated with a specific entity in the scene the technique used is
implied participant). This category does NOT include shots in which the viewer
takes the role of one of the entities in the scene and can also see any part of
that entity's body (e.g., hands, feet).
Implied
participant/body visible - this technique is identical to the implied
participant technique except that when the viewer takes the role of one of the
entities in the scene she can also see any part of that entity's body (e.g.,
hands, feet).
Implied
participant/Point-of-view movement - the use of a moving camera to mimic for
the viewer the non-mediated experience of a person or object moving through an
environment; this movement can be slow or fast and is usually forward or
backward but also could be in any other direction. To be categorized as
point-of-view movement a shot must imply that the person or object's physical
position changes (i.e., if the camera's view represents that of a character and
the camera pans across a room as if the person was looking around the room,
that is not a point-of-view movement technique because it implies only that the
character's head moved, not their physical position in the room).
NOTES:
·
Remember to code only the first subjective camera shot
in the interval
·
This is NOT a "Check all that apply" question
- if a subjective camera shot is "Implied participant/point-of-view
movement" do not also code it as "Implied participant"
·
For simultaneous video pictures, code subjective camera
shots that are included in one or more of the pictures.
·
Follow the general rule that says not to use the
television content or form that precedes or follows the selected 10 second
interval to code variables.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Move
the tape to the exact frame you entered in the Location of Anchor Frame box at
the beginning of the Coding Sheet.
IF
THIS FRAME IS THE FIRST FRAME FOLLOWING A CUT, proceed to next variable.
IF
THIS FRAME IS NO LONGER THE FIRST FRAME FOLLOWING A CUT the tape has slipped
and you must:
1.
Move the tape to the anchor frame (i.e., the frame that follows the first cut after
the timepoint frame).
2.
Reset the time counter to zero (00:00:00:00).
3.
Move the tape back until the time counter indicates the same time as you wrote
in the ANCHOR FRAME box at the beginning of the Coding Sheet but with a
negative sign in front of it.
4.
Reset the time counter to zero (00:00:00:00).
5.
Proceed to the next variable.
[For 15 code only the first apparent broadcast
type during the interval.]
15.
Indication of broadcast type?
_____
[1] Text or sound include word "Live" (but not "Recorded
Live")
_____
[2] Text or sound include a time and either day or date that DOES match
the time and either day
or date the tape was recorded
_____
[3] Text or sound include word "Recorded"
_____
[4] Text or sound include a day or date or time that DOESN'T match the
day or date or time the tape
was recorded
_____
[0] NEITHER 1, 2, 3, or 4
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval is there any indication in picture or sound of the
broadcast type, and if so, what is the first such indication?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Broadcast
type - television programs can take events that occur in nonmediated reality
and present them as the events occur, they can be recorded as the events
occurred and then broadcast later, or they can be recorded in individual
segments and constructed for broadcast later.
Text
or sound include word "Live" (but not "Recorded Live") -
Either text in the picture or the sound during the 10 second interval, or both,
contains the word "Live" and thereby indicates that the broadcast
type is "events being presented as they occur." Do NOT include
"Recorded Live" in this category.
Text
or sound include a time and either day or date that DOES match the time
and either day or date the tape was recorded - Either text in the picture or
the sound during the 10 second interval, or both, contain the time AND either
the day ("Tuesday") or the date ("July 5"), or both, that
correspond with the time, AND day and/or date, the tape being coded was recorded,
and thereby indicate to viewers that the broadcast type is "live."
(e.g., during news programs and on the Weather Channel this information is
often provided in one corner of the screen). Note that the day or date or both
of them are not enough - the time of day must also be included.
Text
or sound include word "Recorded" - Either text in the picture or the
sound during the 10 second interval, or both, contains the word
"Recorded" and thereby indicates that the broadcast type is
"recorded as the events occurred and then broadcast later." Include
"Recorded Live," "Recorded Earlier," "Recorded in
front of a live studio audience," "Recorded for presentation in this
time zone," and similar messages in this category.
Text
or sound include a day or date or time that doesn't match the day or date or
time the tape was recorded - Either text in the picture or the sound during the
10 second interval, or both, contain a day, date, or time (or any combination
of them) that do not correspond with the day, date, or time the tape being coded
was recorded and thereby indicate to viewers that the broadcast type is either
"recorded as the events occurred and then broadcast later" or
"events recorded in individual segments and constructed for broadcast
later."
NOTES:
·
If the broadcast type changes during the interval, code
only the first type.
·
Do not consider any knowledge you have about the actual
broadcast type (e.g., "I know it's a sitcom and that they tape those
before they broadcast them") -- consider only the indications of broadcast
type in the interval being coded.
·
Do not use any knowledge you obtain from content before
the interval begins to code this item.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
CAMERA MOVEMENT VARIABLES
16.
Camera movement?
_____
[0] No [SKIP to
18]
_____
[1] Yes, but only during simultaneous video pictures [SKIP to
18]
_____
[2] Yes, and at least some not during simultaneous video pictures
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval was there ANY camera movement?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Camera
movement - one continuous shift or change of the frame of the image that lasts
for at least 30 frames (1 second). This includes continuous movement in any
direction or directions and includes zooms (in which only the camera lens
moves).
Yes,
but only during simultaneous video pictures - the only camera movement during
the 10 second interval occurs as part of images that contain simultaneous video
pictures (images that contains more than one picture).
Yes,
and at least some not during simultaneous video pictures - some of the camera
movement during the 10 second interval DOES NOT occur as part of images that
contain simultaneous video pictures (images that contains more than one
picture).
NOTES:
·
If a movement that has been going on for several
seconds prior to the 10 second interval ends less than one second into the
interval it should not be coded as a camera movement (and the same thing is
true for movements that begin within one second of the end of the interval).
·
The objects in the images during a camera movement will
not always change position in the image; if the camera is following a moving
object (e.g., a car, the space shuttle, etc.) the camera is moving even if the
object stays in the same place in the image, and this should be coded as a
camera movement.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
17. FOR
CAMERA MOVEMENT PRESENT: Shaky camera technique?
_____
[0] No
_____
[2] Yes
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals during which there is camera movement, is at least one of
the movements a movement that features the shaky camera technique?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Camera
movement - one continuous shift or change of the frame of the image that lasts
for at least 30 frames (1 second). This includes continuous movement in any
direction or directions and includes zooms (in which only the camera lens
moves).
Shaky
camera technique - a series of at least 2 camera movements in which the frame
of the image moves quickly and unpredictably in any direction; this technique
makes it seem that the camera does not have a steady form of support such as a
tripod (i.e. it seems to be handheld); the movement or movements must continue
for at least 2 seconds (60 frames). Examples include home movies,
COPS, NYPD Blue, and Homicide: Life on the Street.
NOTES:
·
Note that the camera can move relatively smoothly and
still be coded as a shaky camera if it appears to be handheld or otherwise not
have a steady form of support.
·
Do not use material before or after the 10-second
interval to code this item.
·
For simultaneous video pictures, when shaky camera
movement is contained only within one or more pictures within an image do not
code as shaky camera.
·
If a movement that has been going on for several
seconds prior to the 10 second interval ends less than one second into the
interval it should not be coded as a camera movement (and the same thing is
true for movements that begin within one second of the end of the interval).
·
The objects in the images during a camera movement will
not always change position in the image; if the camera is following a moving
object (e.g., a car, the space shuttle, etc.) the camera is moving even if the
object stays in the same place in the image, and this should be coded as a
camera movement.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
For 17a-c, do not code any camera movement that
occurs during images that contain simultaneous video pictures; ignore all such
movement in answering these questions.
17a. FOR
CAMERA MOVEMENT PRESENT: Quick forward point-of-view?
_____
[0] No [SKIP to
17c]
_____
[1] Yes
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals during which there is camera movement, is at least one of
the movements a quick forward point-of-view movement?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Point-of-view
movement - the use of a moving camera to mimic for the viewer the non-mediated
experience of a person or object moving through an environment; this movement
can be slow or fast and is usually forward or backward but also could be in any
other direction. To be categorized as point-of-view movement a shot must imply
that the person or object's physical position changes (i.e., if the camera's
view represents that of a character and the camera pans across a room as if the
person was looking around the room, that is not a point-of-view movement
technique because it implies only that the character's head moved, not their
physical position in the room).
Quick
forward point-of-view movement - fast point-of-view movement forward into or
through an environment. This does not include movement at or slower than the
speed of someone walking. The movement need not be purely or only STRAIGHT
forward but it must be primarily forward movement.
NOTES:
Move
the tape to the exact frame you entered in the Location of Anchor Frame box at
the beginning of the Coding Sheet.
IF THIS FRAME IS THE FIRST FRAME FOLLOWING A CUT, proceed to next variable.
IF THIS FRAME IS NO LONGER THE FIRST FRAME FOLLOWING A CUT the tape has slipped
and you must:
1. Move the tape to the anchor frame (i.e., the frame that follows the first
cut after the timepoint frame).
2.
Reset the time counter to zero (00:00:00:00).
3.
Move the tape back until the time counter indicates the same time as you wrote
in the ANCHOR FRAME box at the beginning of the Coding Sheet but with a
negative sign in front of it.
4.
Reset the time counter to zero (00:00:00:00).
5.
Proceed to the next variable.
[For 17b, code the FIRST quick forward
point-of-view movement that is present in the 10-second interval. Calculate the
duration from the frame when the first quick forward point-of-view movement
begins. If quick forward point-of-view movement is in progress at the beginning
of the interval rewind the tape to the first frame of the movement and code the
entire movement. However, DO NOT reset the timer to zero at the beginning of
the movement.]
17b. FOR
QUICK FORWARD POINT-OF-VIEW CAMERA MOVEMENT PRESENT: Duration?
Begin: _____
[P] Positive
_____ [N] Negative
__
__ hours __ __ minutes __ __ seconds __ __ frames
End: __ __ hours __
__ minutes __ __ seconds __ __ frames
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals during which there is quick, forward, point-of-view camera
movement, what is the exact duration of the first such movement?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Duration
of quick forward point-of-view camera movement - the amount of time between and
including the first and last frames that contain quick forward point-of-view
camera movement.
NOTES:
·
Code the entire movement, INCLUDING changes in
direction and including times during which the movement is "slow."
The movement is over when the camera (image frame) has completely stopped
moving and continues to be still for at least 30 frames (1 second).
·
Be sure to indicate with a "P" or
"N" in the space provided whether the appearance of the text begins
after ("P") the zero point or before ("N") it.
·
Code camera movement that continues beyond the end or
that begins prior to the interval if necessary.
·
If there are two or more separate quick, forward,
point-of-view camera movements code the duration only of the first one.
·
Remember that camera movement does not necessarily end
when a shot ends; if movement begins within the first second of the next shot
then the camera movement should be coded as continuing.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[For 17c, code the FIRST camera movement that is
present in the 10-second interval (even if it includes the quick forward point-of-view
movement coded in 17b). If movement is in progress at the beginning of the
interval rewind the tape to the first frame of the movement and code the entire
movement. However, DO NOT reset the timer to zero at the beginning of the
movement. NOTE: A change in direction of camera movement does NOT indicate the
end of a single camera movement.]
[For 17c do not reset counter to zero.]
17c. FOR
CAMERA MOVEMENT PRESENT: Duration of first movement?
Begin: _____
[P] Positive
_____ [N] Negative
__
__ hours __ __ minutes __ __ seconds __ __ frames
End: __ __ hours __
__ minutes __ __ seconds __ __ frames
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals during which there is camera movement, for the first camera
movement what is the exact duration of the camera movement?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Camera
movement - one continuous shift or change of the frame of the image that lasts
for at least 30 frames (1 second). This includes continuous movement in any
direction or directions and includes zooms (in which only the camera lens
moves).
Duration
of camera movement - the amount of time between and including the first and
last frames that contain ANY camera movement.
NOTES:
·
Code the entire movement, INCLUDING changes in
direction. The movement is over when the camera (image frame) has completely
stopped moving and continues to be still for at least 30 frames (1 second).
·
Be sure to indicate with a "P" or
"N" in the space provided whether the camera movement begins after
("P") the zero point or before ("N") it.
·
Code camera movement that continues beyond the end of
or begins prior to the interval if necessary.
·
The objects in the images during a camera movement will
not always change position in the image; if the camera is following a moving
object (e.g., a car, the space shuttle, etc.) the camera is moving even if the
object stays in the same place in the image, and this should be coded as a
camera movement.
·
Remember that camera movement does not necessarily end
when a shot ends; if movement begins within the first second of the next shot
then the camera movement should be coded as continuing.
·
If the first sequence of camera movement during the 10
second interval is quick forward point-of-view camera movement and it is
followed by at least one second in which there is no camera movement, then the
durations coded in 17b and 17c will be the same.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
TEXT VARIABLES
[For 18 and 18a, code the entire 10-second
interval.]
18.
Superimposed text (other than identification logo)?
_____
[0] No [SKIP to
19]
_____
[1] Yes
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval is there at least one image that contains superimposed
text?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Superimposed
text - words or other letters and/or numbers superimposed or added to the
image (including words and letters incorporated into graphics). This does
not include words or letters that are part of identification logos (see
variable 19).
NOTES:
·
Do not include text that is part of the content (e.g.,
a shot of a letter, a shot of a bottle that has "Coke" written on
it).
__________________________________________________________________________________________
18a. FOR
SUPERIMPOSED TEXT PRESENT: Text movement?
_____
[0] No
_____
[1] Yes
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals that contain superimposed text does the text ever move?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Text
movement - at least one part of the text moves or changes in any way. This
includes any shift of position on the screen, morphing (changing shape) of the
text, and blinking text.
NOTES:
·
Do not include text movement that occurs before or
after the 10 second interval.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[For 18b-e, find the frame of the first image
that contains text and code that image only. If the first image of text appears
during a transition (e.g., a wipe), code the first frame after the transition
in which the image contains text.]
18b. FOR
SUPERIMPOSED TEXT PRESENT: Stand-alone?
_____
[0] No, other video contents are in image too
_____
[1] Yes, entire image is text over a blank background [SKIP to
18d]
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals that contain superimposed text, in the first image in the
interval that contains text does the text "stand alone" over a blank
background?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
No,
other video contents are in image too - in addition to text and a blank
background, somewhere in the image there is/are other video contents (the text
may or may not be superimposed over this other video content).
Yes,
entire image is text over blank background - the text is displayed on an
otherwise completely blank screen; i.e., except for the text the image contains
only a solid, 1 color, background without any pattern.
NOTES:
____________________________________________________________________________________
18c. FOR
SUPERIMPOSED TEXT PRESENT WITH OTHER VIDEO CONTENT: Related?
_____
[0] No
_____
[1] Yes
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals that contain superimposed text and in which the first image
in the interval that contains text also contains other video content, is all of
the text in that image related to at least some of the other video content?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Related
- all of the text and at least some of the other video content in the image
logically go together because they both relate to the specific program or
segment in progress (e.g., either superimposed or split screen credits of a
program are related to the action of that program). An example of UNRELATED
text is a weather warning scrolled across the bottom of the screen.
NOTES:
____________________________________________________________________________________
18d.. FOR
SUPERIMPOSED TEXT PRESENT: Number of words?
__ __ words
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals that contain superimposed text, in the first image in the
interval that contains text how many words of text are there?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Words
of text - a grouping of letters and/or numbers that is meaningful (even if you
do not understand the meaning). Punctuation (characters on the number keys of a
keyboard) is not a word. When a hyphen (or other punctuation, as in internet
addresses) connects words, each word should be counted separately. As with
letters, for sequences of numbers each meaningful grouping of numbers is a word
(so "$4.99" is a word and so is "(800) 928-2000"; 23 is one
word, not two; etc.).
NOTES:
·
If only part of a word is visible in the image,
consider it a complete word. That is, always "round up" when counting
the number of words of text.
·
A word does not have to be readable on the screen
(i.e., it can be small, blurry, etc.) to be coded as a word.
·
Trademark and copyright symbols that contain letters
are text within a graphic and therefore should be coded as a word.
·
Superimposed text can be one or more whole words or it
can be just one letter or number (as in a graphic for Special K cereal).
Of course, don’t count individual letters when counting words of text unless
the letter represents a complete meaning.
·
When two words are next to each other, that is with no
space in between them (as in product names such as "HealthRider"),
code this as just one word (i.e., to be coded as a word the letters that make
up the word must be separated for all other text).
·
DO count words in any superimposed identification logo
for this variable.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Move
the tape to the exact frame you entered in the Location of Anchor Frame box at
the beginning of the Coding Sheet.
IF
THIS FRAME IS THE FIRST FRAME FOLLOWING A CUT, proceed to next variable.
IF
THIS FRAME IS NO LONGER THE FIRST FRAME FOLLOWING A CUT the tape has slipped
and you must:
1. Move the tape to the anchor frame (i.e., the frame that follows the first
cut after the timepoint frame).
2. Reset the time counter to zero (00:00:00:00).
3.
Move the tape back until the time counter indicates the same time as you wrote
in the ANCHOR FRAME box at the beginning of the Coding Sheet but with a
negative sign in front of it.
4.
Reset the time counter to zero (00:00:00:00).
5.
Proceed to the next variable.
[For 18e, code from first frame with image that
contains text, including text in progress at beginning of interval. DO NOT
reset the timer to zero.]
18e. FOR
SUPERIMPOSED TEXT PRESENT: Duration?
Begin: _____
[P] Positive
_____ [N] Negative
__
__ hours __ __ minutes __ __ seconds __ __ frames
End: __ __ hours __
__ minutes __ __ seconds __ __ frames
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals that contain superimposed text, what is the exact duration
of ANY text?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Duration
of superimposed text - amount of time during which images contain ANY
superimposed text. The text is over when 30 consecutive images (1 second) contain
no superimposed text of any type.
NOTES:
·
Remember the general rule that a formal feature begins
at the first frame in which the image and the specific formal feature are
complete, “normal”, and “faded in” and ends at the last frame in which the image
and the specific formal feature are complete, “normal”, and “not faded out”.
The first frame in the interval in which the image contains text is the first
frame in which the image contains text that is complete, “normal”, and “faded
in”.
·
Code from the first frame in which the image contains
ANY text, until all text is absent for 30 consecutive frames (1 second). This
means even if the text changes (e.g., part of the text disappears, new text
appears, the text begins to move or stops moving, the size of the text changes,
text movement carries part of the text off the screen) it should be coded as
part of the duration. Blinking text should be coded as part of the duration as
long as there are fewer than 30 frames between appearances of the text;
scrolling text should be coded as part of the duration unless there are 30
frames during the scrolling in which no text is on the screen.
·
Be sure to indicate with a "P" or
"N" in the space provided whether the appearance of the text begins
after ("P") the zero point or before ("N") it.
·
Code text that continues beyond the end of the interval
if necessary.
·
Remember that superimposed text does not necessarily
end when a shot ends; if text begins within the first second of the next shot
then the superimposed text should be coded as continuing.
·
DO NOT count include in the duration images in which
the only text is in a superimposed identification logo.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[For 19, code the entire 10-second interval.]
19.
Superimposed identification logo?
_____
[0] No [SKIP to
20]
_____
[1] Yes
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval is there at least one instance during which a
superimposed identification logo is present?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Superimposed
identification logo - a symbol (which can include letters, numbers, and/or
words) displayed in one of the quadrants of the screen, usually in the corner,
which specifies one of the following: the network, station, or channel. The
identification logo must not identify the program in progress or a corporation
or product. A station identification symbol which takes up the entire screen is
not an identification logo.
NOTES:
·
Do not code corporate or product logos (e.g., the
Texaco star) or program logos (e.g., VH-1's "The Big 80's") as
identification logos -- these are "Graphics other than identification
logos" and are coded elsewhere.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[For 19a-d, code the first instance of an
identification logo in the 10-second interval.]
19a. FOR
SUPERIMPOSED IDENTIFICATION LOGO PRESENT: Transparent or opaque?
_____
[1] Transparent
_____
[2] Opaque
FULL
QUESTION:
For
intervals during which a superimposed identification logo is present, is the
logo that appears first in the interval transparent or opaque?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Transparent
- objects, entities, and backgrounds can be seen behind the letters/numbers of
the logo themselves and not just in the spaces between the letters/numbers -
i.e. there is no part of the logo that "blocks" the content behind
it. A transparent logo may be tinted or otherwise colored, as long as objects
can be seen through it.
Opaque
- it is solid; objects, entities, and backgrounds can NOT be seen behind at
least some of the letters/numbers of the logo themselves - i.e., at least some
part of the logo "blocks" the content behind it. Just because a logo
is tinted or otherwise colored does not mean it is solid - it is only opaque if
at least some objects are not visible through the logo.
NOTES:
·
If the color of the letters/numbers in a logo change
when the colors of objects or backgrounds behind the logo change, the logo is
transparent.
·
DO move the tape forward and backward, beyond the 10
second interval if necessary, to determine whether the logo is transparent or
opaque.
·
When the logo changes in any way, including changing
from being transparent to opaque, it should be considered a new form of the
logo; only code the first form of the logo that appears in the 10 second
interval.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
19b. FOR
SUPERIMPOSED IDENTIFICATION LOGO PRESENT: Logo placement?
_____
[1] Upper left corner
_____
[2] Upper right corner
_____
[3] Lower left corner
_____
[4] Lower right corner
_____
[5] Center
FULL
QUESTION:
For
intervals during which a superimposed identification logo is present, where is
the logo that appears first in the interval located on the screen?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Logo
placement - location of the identification logo on the screen.
NOTES:
·
Mark only one response option for this variable.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[For 19c, code from first frame in which the
image contains identification logo, including logo "in progress" at
beginning of interval. DO NOT reset the timer to zero.]
19c. FOR
SUPERIMPOSED IDENTIFICATION LOGO PRESENT: Identification logo continuous (on
screen at least 5 minutes)?
_____
[0] No
_____
[1] Yes [SKIP to
20]
FULL
QUESTION:
For
intervals during which a superimposed identification logo is present, is the
logo on the screen continuously for at least 5 minutes?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
NOTES:
·
Remember the general rule that a formal feature begins
at the first frame in which the image and the specific formal feature are
complete, “normal”, and “faded in” and ends at the last frame in which the
image and the specific formal feature are complete, “normal”, and “not faded
out”.
·
If the logo disappears during a program interruption,
the logo should be coded as stopping when the program interruption begins.
·
Code identification logos that continue beyond the end
of the interval if necessary.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
19d. FOR
SUPERIMPOSED IDENTIFICATION LOGO PRESENT: Identification logo duration?
Begin: _____
[P] Positive
_____ [N] Negative
__
__ hours __ __ minutes __ __ seconds
End: __ __ hours __
__ minutes __ __ seconds
FULL
QUESTION:
For
intervals during which a superimposed identification logo is present, what is
the exact duration of the first appearance of a logo?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Duration
of identification logo appearance - amount of time the same identification logo
remains on the screen.
NOTES:
·
If the logo duration is 5 minutes or longer, leave this
variable blank and code the duration under the previous variable.
·
Remember the general rule that a formal feature begins
at the first frame in which the image and the specific formal feature are
complete, “normal”, and “faded in” and ends at the last frame in which the
image and the specific formal feature are complete, “normal”, and “not faded
out”.
·
A transparent logo should not be coded as ending just
because the color of objects behind it make it appear to have changed.
·
If the logo disappears during a program interruption,
the logo should be coded as stopping when the program interruption begins.
·
Note that the logo may appear on the screen for a long
time.
·
Be sure to indicate with a "P" or
"N" in the space provided whether the logo begins after
("P") the zero point or before ("N") it.
·
Code identification logos that continue beyond the end
of the interval if necessary.
·
Even if the logo changes in form, it is still an
identification logo as long as it presents (only) the network, station, or
channel - apply the one second rule for coding the duration (i.e., the logo can
be said to end only when it is followed by (and begin only when it is preceded
by) one second (30 consecutive frames) in which no identification logo appears.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[For 20 and 20a code the entire 10-second
interval.]
20.
Superimposed graphic(s) other than identification logo?
_____
[0] No [SKIP to
21]
_____
[1] Yes
FULL
QUESTION:
During
the 10 second interval is there at least one image that contains a superimposed
graphic other than an identification logo?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Superimposed
graphics other than identification logo - a representation, other than a
photograph (live action), of a concrete or abstract object or entity that is
added to but not integrated with the other video pictures of an image. This
means NO PART of the object can be hidden or blocked by another object or
entity in the image (note that this means that whenever an object/entity
appears in front of or over a background, the background by definition can not
be a graphic). Superimposed graphics other than identification logo excludes
identification logos, text (unless it is a part of a graphic), anything
in images that contain only animation of the same style, and animation that is
integrated with live action (as is Tony the Tiger in cereal ads). It includes
decorative borders, product and corporate logos, and "corner wipes"
(the small pictures that appear next to news anchors as they read stories).
Weather maps are not superimposed graphics if the weather person interacts with
them or if they are a physical prop on the news set. Text is part of a graphic
only when part of text is bordered by or touches the graphic.
Identification
logo - a symbol (which can include letters, numbers, and/or words) displayed in
one of the quadrants of the screen, usually in the corner, which specifies one
of the following: the network, station, or channel. The identification logo
must not identify the program in progress or a corporation or product. A
station identification symbol which takes up the entire screen is not an identification
logo. To be coded as an identification logo the logo can not be integrated with
or appear immediately next to any other graphic or text.
NOTES:
·
Text only does not constitute a graphic.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
20a. FOR
SUPERIMPOSED GRAPHICS PRESENT: Graphic(s) movement?
_____
[0] No
_____
[1] Yes
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals that contain superimposed graphic(s) other than
identification logo, does any graphics ever move?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Graphics
movement - at least one part of a graphic moves or changes in any way. This
includes any shift of position on the screen, morphing (changing shape) of the
graphic, and blinking graphics.
NOTES:
·
Do not include graphic movement that occurs before or
after the 10 second interval.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[For 20b, code from first frame with image that
contains graphic(s), including graphic(s) in progress at beginning of interval.
DO NOT reset the timer to zero.]
20b. FOR
SUPERIMPOSED GRAPHIC(S) PRESENT: Duration?
Begin: _____
[P] Positive
_____ [N] Negative
__
__ hours __ __ minutes __ __ seconds __ __ frames
End: __ __ hours __
__ minutes __ __ seconds __ __ frames
FULL
QUESTION:
For
10 second intervals that contain superimposed graphic(s), what is the exact
duration of the graphic(s) as it/they appear(s) in the first image in the
interval that contains graphic(s)?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Duration
of superimposed graphic(s) - amount of time a particular ANY graphic(s) remains
on the screen. The graphics are over when 30 consecutive images (1 second)
contain no superimposed graphic of any type.
NOTES:
·
Code from the first frame in which the image contains
ANY graphic(s), until all graphic(s) are absent for 30 consecutive frames (1
second). This means even if the graphic(s) change (e.g., part of a graphic
disappears, a new graphic appears, a graphic begins to move, the size of a
graphic changes) it should be coded as part of the duration. Blinking graphics
should be coded as part of the duration as long as there are fewer than 30
frames between appearances of the graphic.
·
Be sure to indicate with a "P" or
"N" in the space provided whether the appearance of the graphic(s)
begins after ("P") the zero point or before ("N") it.
·
Code graphic(s) that continues beyond the end of the
interval if necessary.
·
Remember the general rule that a formal feature begins
at the first frame in which the image and the specific formal feature are
complete, “normal”, and “faded in” and ends at the last frame in which the
image and the specific formal feature are complete, “normal”, and “not faded
out”.
·
Remember that a superimposed graphics does not
necessarily end when a shot ends; if a graphic begins within the first second
of the next shot then the superimposed graphic should be coded as continuing.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
SHOT
VARIABLES
Go to
zero.
Go to
the first frame of the shot IN PROGRESS.
Reset
the timer to zero.
Code
that shot.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
21.
Shot duration?
__
__ minutes __ __ seconds __ __ frames
FULL
QUESTION:
What
is the exact duration of the shot in progress at the timepoint frame?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Shot
- the image or series of images on the screen between two transitions (edits).
Duration
of shot - number of minutes, seconds, and frames between (and including) the
first frame of the shot and the last frame of the shot
NOTES:
·
For transitions other than cuts (e.g., fades,
dissolves, wipes, etc.) consider the end of the first shot to be the last frame
during which a complete, “normal”, “not faded out” image appears; the next shot
begins on the first frame during which all indications of the transition are
gone and a complete, “normal”, “faded in” image appears; all frames between
these two constitute the duration of the transition. DO NOT code variables for
images during these transitions. For example, if the image at zero is in the
middle of a transition, instead of coding that image move to the first normal
image following that frame and code that image.
·
Code content before and/or after the 10-second interval
if necessary.
·
It IS possible to code the duration of a shot that
contains multiple video pictures. However remember that a shot as defined here
does not end until the entire image changes – changes within individual
pictures during sequences that contain simultaneous pictures do not represent
the beginning or ending of a shot.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
TRANSITION
VARIABLES
Go to
the last frame of the shot just coded.
Code
the transition that follows that shot.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
22. Is
the transition a cut?
_____
[0] No
_____
[1] Yes [SKIP to
23]
FULL
QUESTION:
Is
the transition that follows the shot just coded a cut or not?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Transition
- a complete change in an image; this may occur suddenly (as in a cut) or
gradually (as in a dissolve). (Note that in some cases objects or entities in
the image before the transition may also appear in the image after the
transition; for the two images to be coded as a transition at least some of the
objects or entities must be in different positions on the screen or be seen
from different camera views.)
Cut -
a transition between shots in which there is no overlap between images; a
sudden transition.
NOTES:
·
A transition requires a complete change in all of the
contents of an image, either changes in the objects in the image or changes in
their positions in the image. An exception to this is text that is superimposed
over other content: even if the text doesn't change as long as everything else
does it should be coded as a transition (for example, when credits are
superimposed over a series of still shots at the end of a program). This
exception does not apply to text that occurs in an image containing only text
and graphics, or text that appears in a separate simultaneous picture in an
image; in these cases the entire image must change to be considered a
transition.
·
A transition between segments actually can contain just
one transition (segment 1 cuts to or dissolves to segment 2 -- in which case
the duration of the intersegment interval is 0 frames) OR two transitions
(segment 1 cuts or fades out to black, then black cuts or fades into segment 2,
with the black frames being the intersegment interval). This is only between
segments, so that any other transition (within a segment) can only contain one
transition (shot 1 to shot 2); if shot 1 fades out to black and shot 2 fades in
from the black all within a segment, that is a single transition we define as a
"fade out/fade-in" in variable 22a.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
22a. FOR
A TRANSITION THAT IS NOT A CUT: Type of transition?
_____
[1] Dissolve
_____
[2] Fade-out
_____
[3] Fade-in
_____
[4] Fade out/fade-in
_____
[5] Unusual transitions
(Describe:________________________________________________________)
FULL
QUESTION:
For
the transition that is not a cut, what type of transition is it?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Dissolve
- a transition between shots in which the new shot fades in as the old shot
fades out so that the two images appear at the same time briefly. The
transition does NOT include any frame in which the image is completely blank.
Fade-out
- a transition FROM THE END OF A SEGMENT to an inter-segment interval in which
the segment image fades out to a blank screen.
Fade-in
- a transition from an inter-segment interval TO THE BEGINNING OF A NEW SEGMENT
in which the image from the new segment fades in from a blank screen.
Fade-out/fade-in
- a transition between TWO SHOTS WITHIN THE SAME SEGMENT in which the old image
fades to a blank screen, and then the new image fades in from that blank
screen. There must be at least one frame in which the image is completely blank
(usually black) during this kind of transition.
Unusual
transitions - any transition between shots that is not a simple cut, dissolve,
or fade. This include a wipe, a transition between shots in which the old image
is gradually covered or “pushed aside” as the new one is introduced. It also
includes examples such as a transition in which the image evolves from a
geometric shape or the old image breaks up into squares and
"collapses" before the new one arrives (these and others are often
used in Home Improvement).
NOTES:
·
Unusual transitions are also special visual effects and
should be coded in variable 18.
·
Remember that a transition does not occur unless the
entire image changes – changes within individual pictures during sequences that
contain simultaneous pictures should not be coded as transitions.
·
A transition requires a complete change in all of the
contents of an image, either changes in the objects in the image or changes in
their positions in the image. An exception to this is text that is superimposed
over other content: even if the text doesn't change as long as everything else
does it should be coded as a transition (for example, when credits are
superimposed over a series of still shots at the end of a program). This
exception does not apply to text that occurs in an image containing only text
and graphics, or text that appears in a separate simultaneous picture in an
image; in these cases the entire image must change to be considered a
transition.
·
A transition between segments actually can contain just
one transition (segment 1 cuts to or dissolves to segment 2 -- in which case
the duration of the intersegment interval is 0 frames) OR two transitions
(segment 1 cuts or fades out to black, then black cuts or fades into segment 2,
with the black frames being the intersegment interval). This is only between
segments, so that any other transition (within a segment) can only contain one
transition (shot 1 to shot 2); if shot 1 fades out to black and shot 2 fades in
from the black all within a segment, that is a single transition we define as a
"fade out/fade-in" in variable 22a.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
[For 22b, move the tape to the first frame of
the transition. Reset the timer to zero.]
22b. FOR A TRANSITION THAT IS NOT A CUT:
Duration?
__ __ seconds __ __
frames
FULL
QUESTION:
For a
transition that is not a cut, what is the exact duration of the transition?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Transition
- a complete change in an image; this may occur suddenly (as in a cut) or
gradually (as in a dissolve). (Note that in some cases objects or entities in
the image before the transition may also appear in the image after the
transition; for the two images to be coded as a transition at least some of the
objects or entities must be in different positions on the screen or be seen
from different camera views.)
Duration
of transition - number of seconds and frames between (but NOT including) the
last complete frame of one shot and the first complete frame of another.
Duration
of dissolve - the number of seconds and frames starting with first frame in
which the new image appears and ending with the last frame in which the old
image appears.
Duration
of fade-out - the number of seconds and frames starting with the first frame in
which the image begins to darken (i.e., fade-out) and ending with the last
frame of blank screen before the next image begins to appear.
Duration
of fade-in - the number of seconds and frames starting with the first frame of
a blank screen prior to the new image and ending with the last frame in which
the new image is still darkened (i.e., it is not yet completely faded-in).
Duration
of fade-out/fade-in - the number seconds and frames starting with the first
frame in which the old image begins to darken (i.e., fade-out) and ending with
the last frame in which the new image is still darkened (i.e., it is not yet
completely faded-in). This includes the frames in which the image is completely
blank.
Duration
of unusual transitions - number of seconds and frames between (but NOT
including) the last complete (i.e., normal) frame of the old image and the
first complete (i.e., normal) frame of the new image.
NOTES:
·
Code content before and/or after the 10-second interval
if necessary.
·
A transition requires a complete change in all of the
contents of an image, either changes in the objects in the image or changes in
their positions in the image. An exception to this is text that is superimposed
over other content: even if the text doesn't change as long as everything else
does it should be coded as a transition (for example, when credits are
superimposed over a series of still shots at the end of a program). This
exception does not apply to text that occurs in an image containing only text
and graphics, or text that appears in a separate simultaneous picture in an
image; in these cases the entire image must change to be considered a
transition.
·
A transition between segments actually can contain just
one transition (segment 1 cuts to or dissolves to segment 2 -- in which case
the duration of the intersegment interval is 0 frames) OR two transitions
(segment 1 cuts or fades out to black, then black cuts or fades into segment 2,
with the black frames being the intersegment interval). This is only between
segments, so that any other transition (within a segment) can only contain one
transition (shot 1 to shot 2); if shot 1 fades out to black and shot 2 fades in
from the black all within a segment, that is a single transition we define as a
"fade out/fade-in" in variable 22a.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
23.
Transition between segments?
_____
[0] No
_____
[1] Yes
FULL
QUESTION:
Is
the transition between shots also a transition, or part of a transition,
between segments ?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Transition
- a complete change in an image; this may occur suddenly (as in a cut) or
gradually (as in a dissolve). (Note that in some cases objects or entities in
the image before the transition may also appear in the image after the
transition; for the two images to be coded as a transition at least some of
these objects or entities must be in different positions on the screen or be
seen from different camera views.)
Segment
- uninterrupted portion of one programming element (e.g., advertisement,
promotional announcement, public service announcement, bumper, or program).
NOTES:
·
The transition does not have to be between different
segment GENRES, only between different segments (e.g., a transition from an ad
to ad is a transition between segments).
·
By defnition a transition that is a “fade-out/fade-in”
is not a transition between segments.
·
By definition a separate “fade-out” from one segment to
an inter-segment interval or “fade-in” from an inter-segment interval to a new
segment is part of a transition between segments.
·
A transition requires a complete change in all of the
contents of an image, either changes in the objects in the image or changes in
their positions in the image. An exception to this is text that is superimposed
over other content: even if the text doesn't change as long as everything else
does it should be coded as a transition (for example, when credits are
superimposed over a series of still shots at the end of a program). This
exception does not apply to text that occurs in an image containing only text
and graphics, or text that appears in a separate simultaneous picture in an
image; in these cases the entire image must change to be considered a
transition.
·
A transition between segments actually can contain just
one transition (segment 1 cuts to or dissolves to segment 2 -- in which case
the duration of the intersegment interval is 0 frames) OR two transitions
(segment 1 cuts or fades out to black, then black cuts or fades into segment 2,
with the black frames being the intersegment interval). This is only between
segments, so that any other transition (within a segment) can only contain one
transition (shot 1 to shot 2); if shot 1 fades out to black and shot 2 fades in
from the black all within a segment, that is a single transition we define as a
"fade out/fade-in" in variable 22a.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
24. What
follows the transition?
_____
[1] Same scene
_____
[2] Different scene
_____
[3] Blank screen
FULL
QUESTION:
In
the first transition following the timepoint frame, what type of image follows
the transition?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Same
scene - scene that occurs in the same immediate physical location (e.g., in the
same room would count, but not in the same house) AND focuses on the same
continuing action (e.g., a continuing conversation, an individual play in a
football or baseball game, etc. that is in progress) as the previous scene. If
any of the objects or entities in the image before the transition appear in the
image after the transition the transition is most likely within the same scene
(e.g., two people are seen speaking first from one camera angle, then from
another, or one person in a conversation is seen in one shot and the other
person in the conversation is seen in the next shot).
Different
scene - scene that occurs in a different immediate physical location AND/OR
focuses on different action from the previous scene (e.g., two people are seen
speaking, then two other people somewhere else are seen eating; a transition
between a live action image of a salesperson to an image of text or graphics in
an infomercial).
Blank
screen - an image that either contains no color or just one color (e.g., a
program segment ends and a blank, black screen is visible before a commercial
begins)
NOTES:
·
Same scene means not only that the scenes before and
after the transition occur in the same immediate physical location (e.g., the
same room) AND focus on the same action (e.g., a conversation), but that the
action is continuous through the transition. So a cut from a live shot of a
football play to the instant replay is in the same physical location and focuses
on the same action, but should be coded as a different scene.
·
If ANY of the contents of the image before the
transition show a different scene or combination of scenes than the scene or
scenes in the image following the transition, what follows the transition is a
DIFFERENT scene.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
SEGMENT
VARIABLES
From
the last frame of the shot that precedes the transition that was just coded,
move the tape back to the first frame of the segment IN PROGRESS (remember that
two segments in the same GENRE [e.g., two commercials] still are different
segments; move the tape back to the beginning of the SEGMENT in progress, not
the segment GENRE in progress).
Reset
the timer to zero.
Code
this segment.
_____________________________________________________________________________
25.
Segment duration?
__ __ minutes __ __
seconds
FULL
QUESTION:
What
is the exact duration of the segment?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Segment
- uninterrupted portion of one programming element (e.g., advertisement,
promotional announcement, public service announcement, bumper, or program).
Duration
of segment - number of minutes and seconds between (and including) the first
frame of the segment and the last frame of the segment
Examples
would be the amount of time between the beginning of a program and the first
commercial break, the amount of time a commercial lasts, the amount of time a
network promo for a new show lasts, etc.
NOTES:
·
Do not code technical errors that briefly disrupt
programming as the beginning/end of segments.
·
Do not code the time between program and commercial or
other times the screen is black as segments (they represent inter-segment
intervals).
·
Distinct portions of a segment that are nevertheless
part of the segment should not be coded as a separate segment. This includes,
for example, a miscellaneous program-related element, the end of a commercial
in which information for ordering a product is shown, or a presentation at the
end of segment of news describing what is "coming up next.
·
If text within a graphic changes, the graphic by
definition has changed (which means it’s duration has ended).
·
A program and a program bumper are separate SEGMENTS.
There can be an intersegment interval between a program and a bumper for that
(or another) program.
·
A promotional or other message about a program about to
begin is part of the program as long as it does not mention any other program
and there is not a program interruption (e.g., station id, etc.) between the
message and what would normally be considered the beginning of the program.
·
If the beginning or the end of the segment is cut off
because the recording stopped when the tape ran out or because when the
recording started the segment was already underway, just code the duration of
as much of the segment as you can and note on the Coding Sheet that the tape
cut off the duration (we’ll create a variable to record this for the rest of
the coding).
·
Don't count different parts of a program as different
segments; the only possible types of segments are listed in the genre variable
(variable 2). So, for example, when OJ trial coverage ends and a news update
begins, there is just one segment ("CNN programming"), not two,
because together they represent one uninterrupted program element.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
INTER-SEGMENT
INTERVAL VARIABLES
Move
the tape to the first frame following the segment just coded that contains no
vestige of the last image of that segment.
Reset
the timer to zero.
Code
the following inter-segment interval.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
26.
Duration of inter-segment interval?
__ __ seconds __ __
frames
FULL
QUESTION:
What
is the exact duration of the inter-segment interval?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Inter-segment
interval - seconds and frames between (but not including) the last frame in
which the image contains any vestige of one segment and the first frame in
which the image contains any vestige of the next segment; typically contains
only a black screen.
Duration
of inter-segment interval - the number of seconds and frames between (but NOT
including) the last frame in which the image contains any vestige of one
segment and the first frame in which the image contains any vestige of the next
segment; typically contains only a black screen.
NOTES:
·
If there is no frame between segments (i.e., the
transition between segments is one cut), code the duration of the inter-segment
interval as zero seconds, zero frames.
·
A technical mistake that causes a very brief appearance
of part of a segment (e.g., a commercial not scheduled to be shown) should be
considered part of the interval between the two segments that are shown in
their entirety.
·
Note that frames during which there is no picture but
there is sound SHOULD be coded as part of an inter-segment interval.
·
A program and a program bumper are separate SEGMENTS.
There can be an intersegment interval between a program and a bumper for that
(or another) program.
·
A promotional or other message about a program about to
begin is part of the program as long as it does not mention any other program
and there is not a program interruption (e.g., station id, etc.) between the
message and what would normally be considered the beginning of the program.
·
Remember the general rule that says that recorded
durations will always be one frame less than the actual duration (so that an
inter-segment interval that is one frame in duration should be coded as zero
frames in duration).
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Move the tape to the first frame of the
transition.
Reset the timer to zero.
[For 26b if the inter-segment interval is part
of the transition coded in 22b use the information you entered in variable
22b to code the 26b.]
26b.
Duration of transition that contains inter-segment interval?
__ __ seconds __ __
frames
FULL
QUESTION:
What is
the exact duration of the transition that contains the inter-segment interval?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
Transition
- a complete change in an image; this may occur suddenly (as in a cut) or
gradually (as in a dissolve). (Note that in some cases objects or entities in
the image before the transition may also appear in the image after the
transition; for the two images to be coded as a transition at least some of the
objects or entities must be in different positions on the screen or be seen
from different camera views.)
Duration
of transition - number of seconds and frames between (but NOT including) the
last complete frame of one shot and the first complete frame of another; see
variable 32b for information on how to code the duration of specific types of
transitions.
NOTES:
·
You can reset the timer to zero to code this variable.
·
A transition requires a complete change in all of the
contents of an image, either changes in the objects in the image or changes in
their positions in the image. An exception to this is text that is superimposed
over other content: even if the text doesn't change as long as everything else
does it should be coded as a transition (for example, when credits are
superimposed over a series of still shots at the end of a program). This
exception does not apply to text that occurs in an image containing only text
and graphics, or text that appears in a separate simultaneous picture in an
image; in these cases the entire image must change to be considered a
transition.
·
A transition between segments actually can contain just
one transition (segment 1 cuts to or dissolves to segment 2 -- in which case
the duration of the intersegment interval is 0 frames) OR two transitions
(segment 1 cuts or fades out to black, then black cuts or fades into segment 2,
with the black frames being the intersegment interval). This is only between
segments, so that any other transition (within a segment) can only contain one
transition (shot 1 to shot 2); if shot 1 fades out to black and shot 2 fades in
from the black all within a segment, that is a single transition we define as a
"fade out/fade-in" in variable 22a.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
27.
Genre of segment that follows inter-segment interval?
Comedy
_____ [01] Situation comedy (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [02] Other (Describe/Title:______________________________________________)
Drama
_____ [03] Medical drama (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [04] Crime/legal/mystery drama (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [05] Science fiction/fantasy/horror (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [06] Other (Describe/Title:______________________________________________)
Serial
_____ [07] Daytime soap opera (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [08] Prime time soap opera (Title:______________________________________________)
Movie
_____ [09] TV movie (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [10] Theatrical film (Title:______________________________________________)
Informational/educational
_____ [11] Local news (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [12] National/international news (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [13] Documentary (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [14] Magazine (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [15] Reality program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [16] Instructional program (adults) (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [17] Other (Describe/Title:______________________________________________)
Talk
_____ [18] Celebrity talk (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [19] Political talk/com-
mentary/interview (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [20] Theme/topic show (Title:______________________________________________)
Promotional
_____ [21] Infomercial (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [30] Program/channel promo spot (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [31] Program bumper (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [32] Commercial (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [33] Public service announcement (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [34] Station identification (Product:______________________________________________)
_____ [35] Other (Product:______________________________________________)
Miscellaneous
_____ [22] Live action children's
educational
program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [23] Animated children's
educational
program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [24] Live action NONeducational
children's
program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [25] Animated NONeducational
children's
program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [26] Game show (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [27] Sports event (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [28] Music video program (Title:______________________________________________)
_____ [29] Other (Describe/title:______________________________________________)
FULL
QUESTION:
What
is the genre of the segment that immediately FOLLOWS the inter-segment interval
just coded?
DEFINITIONS
& EXAMPLES:
See
definitions for variable 2.
NOTES:
·
The segment coded in this variable occurs following a
transition between segments that is either very short and contains at least one
blank (usually black) image or is a cut between segments.
·
The genre of the segment that follows the inter-segment
interval can be the same as the genre of the segment that precedes it.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
CODER:__________________ TAPE#: ___ ___ ___ ___ TIMEPOINT #: _________ [1-8]
Was there an unusual camera view during the 10
second interval?
IF YES, DESCRIBE:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Unusual relationship between form and content?
IF YES, DESCRIBE:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Printed
from Microsoft Word for Windows 95 (version 7)
Formatting
for HP 4L:
CG
Times 12 pitch
line
spacing: exactly 11.9 pt.