Message Archives and Corpora
Introduction to the message archives
Chapter 4 of The Content Analysis Guidebook contains information on using archives for content analysis research. This section of the website is intended to provide a listing of archived information that may be useful to content analysis researchers. Although extensive, this list is not exhaustive. It has been compiled to help content analysis researchers connect to information that may be used in their research. To add an archive to the listing, please email the Content Analysis Guidebook Online at contentanalysisguidebook@yahoo.com.
General Archives
Mass Communication History Collection in Wisconsin
“The Mass Communications History Collections (MCHC) were established in 1955 to document the importance of the mass media in twentieth century American life. The MCHC holds the papers of hundreds of important individuals, corporations and professional organizations in the fields of journalism, broadcasting, advertising and public relations. These collections document mass communications on both the national level and in the state of Wisconsin. Holdings include the records and papers of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC); Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communications; Foote, Cone & Belding; Bruce Barton; John W. Hill; National Educational Television; David Brinkley; Charles Collingwood; Joseph Harsch; H.V. Kaltenborn; Clark Mollenhoff; Howard K. Smith; over 30 Pulitzer Prize winning journalists; and many other individuals and organizations.”
The U.S. Library of Congress provides access to a wide array of materials, including over a million prints and photographs, historic newspapers, veterans history, personal artifacts, and searchable legislative information (e.g., bills, the Congressional Record).
Books and Literature
Popular Culture Library at Bowling Green State University
“More than 125,000 cataloged books are housed in the Popular Culture Library. Popular fiction predominates, particularly novels in the mystery/detective, science fiction/fantasy, western, romance, movie and TV tie-in, and historical fiction genres. The Library also contains extensive collections of late 19th- and 20th-century juvenile/young adult series fiction. Other major strengths of the Popular Culture Library are materials documenting the performing arts and the entertainment industry (including television, film, radio, and the mass communications industry), graphic arts, recreation and leisure, and popular religion.”
This educational web site is home to more than 5,000 classical poems, all public domain (i.e., not under copyright). The database is searchable.
This free online electronic text library contains more than 75,000 works, including light literature (e.g., Alice in Wonderland, Aesop’s Fables, Peter Pan), heavy literature (e.g., the Bible, Shakespeare), and references (e.g., Roget’s Thesaurus). A complete list of texts can be downloaded at the site, and a search function allows users to retrieve texts by author or title.
News
Christian Science Monitor Archives
Includes a searchable, subscription-based electronic text archive. Search the archives from 1908 to 1980 with ProQuest Archiver or get Reprints of Monitor pages from 1908 to the present.
Lexis-Nexis is “the world’s largest provider of credible, in-depth information,” according to the company website. The Lexis database contains more than 22,000 sources, including full text archives of most popular newspapers and magazines. It also includes court materials, financial and market reports, legislative materials, and transcripts, to name a few. For more on Lexis, see Appendix B of The Content Analysis Guidebook.
Television News Archive – Vanderbilt University
The TV news archive at Vanderbilt “is the world’s most extensive and complete collection of television news,” according to the archive website. It has all network news broadcasts from 1968 to present plus more than 9,000 hours of special news-related programming, such as coverage of national and international events like the Watergate hearings and the Persian Gulf War. The TV news archive website has a searchable text database (with extensive descriptions) of everything in the collection. Videotapes for individual news broadcasts or custom compilation tapes (e.g., of news segments about a certain topic) can be ordered from the site.
Film
Association of Moving Image Archivists
“The Association of Moving Image Archivists (AMIA) is a non-profit professional association established to advance the field of moving image archiving by fostering cooperation among individuals and organizations concerned with the collection, preservation, exhibition and use of moving image materials.”
Black Film Archive at Indiana University
“The BFC/A is a repository of films and related materials by and about African Americans. Included are films which have substantial participation by African Americans as writers, actors, producers, directors, musicians, and consultants, as well as those which depict some aspect of black experience.”
British Film Institute (BFI) National Film and Television Archive
The majority of the collection is British material but it also features internationally significant holdings from around the world. We also collect films which feature key British actors and the work of British directors. There is a wealth of material of every genre from silent newsreels to CinemaScope epics, from home movies to avant-garde experiments, from classic documentaries to vintage television, from advertisements to 3-D films, soap opera to football. The archive contains more than 50,000 fiction films, over 100,000 non-fiction titles and around 625,000 television programmes. Some stills, posters, and films are available online, however, licensing seems to be limited to people within the UK.
This site contains full-text screenplays from motion pictures, all of which can be downloaded for free. Most of the scripts are from films of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, though there are some classics as well. Also included are early drafts of screenplays and scripts that never made it to the silver screen.
The Harvard Film Archive (HFA) provides the faculty and students of Harvard University and the greater scholarly community with academic research services and a public film program that offers audiences the opportunity to view international and independent films. Contact information is available on the website.
The National Anthropological Archives and Human Studies Film Archives collect and preserve historical and contemporary anthropological materials that document the world’s cultures and the history of anthropology. Their collections represent the four fields of anthropology: ethnology, linguistics, archaeology, and physical anthropology and include fieldnotes, journals, manuscripts, correspondence, photographs, maps, sound recordings, film and video created by Smithsonian anthropologists and other preeminent scholars.
John E. Allen, Inc.
A motion picture and newsreel archive dating from 1896-1955, with over 25 million feet of materials. Call John E. Allen at (201) 391-3299 for more info.
Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division
This division of the Library of Congress (LOC) acquires, catalogs, and preserves motion pictures and televison program collections. The motion picture collection currently includes films from the American Film Institute collection, ranging from the works of pioneer George Melies to an African-American film collection of entertainment and shorts produced from 1918 to 1955 for black audiences. Other film holdings include cartoons produced by Warner Bros. pictures before 1949 and a sizable collection of works shot by anthropologist Margaret Mead.
“The WPA was founded in 1987 by independent producers, as a repository of archival and stock footage. It now includes more than 50,000 hours of footage, including all 3,500 hours of the British Pathé News Collection.”
National Center for Jewish Film
“The National Center for Jewish Film (NCJF) was established to gather, preserve and disseminate film material relevant to the Jewish experience. Founded in 1976 with the acquisition of 30 Yiddish language films, NCJF has steadily expanded and diversified its holdings of both cinematic and photographic materials. Several national Jewish organizations together with filmmakers and private individuals have deposited their collections at NCJF.”
National Film Preservation Board Public Moving Image Archives and Research Centers
A large listing of US and international film archives, compiled and maintained by the Library of Congress.
Newsfilm Library at University of South Carolina
In an historic 1980 donation, the University of South Carolina was selected by 20th Century Fox Film Corporation to receive a portion of the Fox Movietone News Collection. This gift of internationally important, irreplaceable, and unique newsreel footage was the starting point for what has become one of the most significant academically housed newsfilm libraries in the United States.
“Northeast Historic Film (NHF) is a nonprofit independent moving-image archive, collecting and preserving motion picture film and videotape relating to northern New England. The archives collects, preserves, and shares home movies, television news film and other broadcast productions, independent works, industrials, dramas, and other edited and unedited moving images. Videos of Life in New England is a catalog of productions reflecting the region’s art and culture. The facility is located in the Alamo Theatre building, Main Street, Bucksport, Maine.”
“The PFA collection includes more than 7,000 titles, with areas of concentration in Soviet silent and Eastern European cinema, international animation, American experimental cinema, video art of the ’70s, and the largest collection of Japanese cinema outside of Japan. The collection also includes an international selection of feature films and documentaries. Among the artists represented are Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa, Larissa Shepitko, Dziga Vertov, Gunvor Nelson, Chick Strand, and George Kuchar. PFA has identified the preservation of independent and experimental film as institutional priorities, concentrating efforts on works by Bay Area filmmakers.”
The Reid Cinema Archives at Wesleyan University
“The Wesleyan Cinema Archives provides a home for the University’s growing collections related to motion picture and television history. Committed to the care and preservation of paper materials, photographs, and memorabilia, the Archive is a connoisseur’s collection of artists whose careers reflect unique aspects of cinema. They do not collect moving image materials, although some of the collections do contain such items.”
Ronald Colman Archive (1891-1958)
This archive of the screen legend does not have a web site (yet). Call George E. Schatz at (708) 432-8556 for more info.
Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive
“The collection includes holocaust films, films depicting Jewish life around the world, newsreels from Israel, and works from filmmakers such as Baruch Agadati, Hazel Greenwald, Norman Lourie, Fred Czasnik, Ben Oyserman, Yitzchak “Mimisch” Herbst, Fred Dunkel, Yonah Zarecki and Ze’ev Havatzelet.”
UCLA Film and Television Archive
The UCLA Film and TV Archive contains 220,000 films and television programs plus 27 million feet of newsreel footage. The film collection, which contains donations from William Wyler, George Pal, and Jean Renoir, to name a few, addresses topics ranging from noted female director Dorothy Arzner to the film noir genre.
USC Cinema Television Library and Archives of the Performing Arts
“Generally considered to be the finest collection of its kind in any academic library in the country, the Cinema-TV Library houses more than 19,000 books and periodicals on all aspects of film and television, along with clipping files, recorded interviews, scripts, stills, pressbooks, scrapbooks, video cassettes and discs of feature films and audiotapes. Altogether, the library houses more than 1.7 million photographs and 36 million manuscripts in its extensive archival collections.”
Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research
“The center’s collections document the growth and development of motion pictures, radio and television, and theater in twentieth-century America. Individuals and organizations have deposited with the center such manuscript materials as personal and professional documents; holographs and typescripts of plays, shooting scripts, promptbooks, and musical scores; promotional materials; and designs, blueprints, technical plots and plans of stage architecture and machinery. Equally important are films and kinescopes; video and sound tapes; photographs; and disc recordings. Of particular interest to students of film and mass communications is the United Artists collection, which forms the main part of the center’s film archive. Highlighting that collection are the corporate records of United Artists collection, 1919-1950; the Warner Film Library, 1913-1950; the RKO Film Library.”
Television
Annenberg Television Script Archive
“Includes the TV Guide Collection (20,000 scripts and growing), Agnes Nixon Collection, and new ABC Soap Opera Collection (few hundred scripts from “All My Children”). In sum, there are over 29,000 television scripts. Call (215) 898-7020 for more info.
Archives of the Billy Graham Center
“The Archives at the Billy Graham Center specializes in collecting and preserving unpublished information that tells the story of North American Protestant non-denominational missions and evangelistic activities through the years. It includes video and audio tapes.”
“The Department of Archives and Manuscripts collects papers, government records, photographs, television news footage and other primary material documenting the history and development of Birmingham, Jefferson County, and the surrounding area of Alabama known as the Birmingham District.”
Broadcast Pioneers Library of American Broadcasting
“The Library of American Broadcasting holds a wide-ranging collection of audio and video recordings, books, pamphlets, periodicals, personal collections, oral histories, photographs, scripts and vertical files devoted exclusively to the history of broadcasting. Founded in 1972 as the Broadcast Pioneers Library, it was housed in the headquarters of the National Association of Broadcasters in Washington, D.C., until 1994, when it became part of the University of Maryland Libraries.”
Chicago Historical Society Archives
“The Museum’s collection of over 22 million artifacts and documents is a rich source for the study of the history of Chicago as metropolitan urban center that spans five counties, as part of the state of Illinois, and as a part of the broader history of the United States. Explore the research resources available in each of our eight main collection areas: Architecture, Archives and Manuscripts (includes Radio, Oral History, and Sound Recordings), Books and other Published Materials, Costumes and Textiles, Decorative and Industrial Arts, Fine Arts (includes Paintings, Sculpture, and Works-On-Paper), Prints and Photographs (includes Film and Video).”
“CLIO Archives list the cream of global advertising back to 1960.” This site has a listing of winners from 1960 to the present, complete with info about each.
This division of the Library of Congress (LOC) acquires, catalogs, and preserves motion pictures and television program collections. The television collection of the LOC contains the NBC Television Collection of more than 18,000 programs aired from 1948 to 1977 and also 30,000 videotapes from PBS of such shows as Leontyne Price at the White House and 3-2-1 Contact, plus much more.
Museum of Broadcast Communications
The Museum of Broadcast Communications Archives is a growing collection of radio programs, television programs and commercials, cataloged and made available to the pubic for on-site listening and viewing at its facility in Chicago.
Open Vault WGBH Media Library and Archives
“Open Vault provides online access to unique and historically important content produced by public television station WGBH for individual and classroom learning. The ever-expanding site contains video excerpts, searchable transcripts, a select number of complete interviews for purchase, and resource management tools.”
Rod Serling Archives – Ithaca College
“The Rod Serling Archives consists of television scripts, movie screenplays, stage play scripts, films, published works by Serling, unproduced scripts, and secondary materials.”
Television News Archive – Vanderbilt University
The TV news archive at Vanderbilt “is the world’s most extensive and complete collection of television news,” according to the archive website. It has all network news broadcasts from 1968 to present plus more than 9,000 hours of special news-related programming, such as coverage of national and international events like the Watergate hearings and the Persian Gulf War. The TV news archive website has a searchable text database (with extensive descriptions) of everything in the collection. Videotapes for individual news broadcasts or custom compilation tapes (e.g., of news segments about a certain topic) can be ordered from the site.
UCLA Film and Television Archive
The UCLA Film and TV Archive contains 220,000 films and television programs plus 27 million feet of newsreel footage. The film collection, which contains donations from William Wyler, George Pal, and Jean Renoir, to name a few, addresses topics ranging from noted female director Dorothy Arzner to the film noir genre.
USC Cinema Television Library and Archives of the Performing Arts
“Generally considered to be the finest collection of its kind in any academic library in the country, the Cinema-TV Library houses more than 19,000 books and periodicals on all aspects of film and television, along with clipping files, recorded interviews, scripts, stills, pressbooks, scrapbooks, video cassettes and discs of feature films and audiotapes. Altogether, the library houses more than 1.7 million photographs and 36 million manuscripts in its extensive archival collections.”
Radio/Audio
Bowling Green State University Music Library and Bill Schurk Sound Archives
“The Music Library and Sound Recordings Archives contains over 60,000 books and scores related to all aspects of the study of music. Included in the book collection are studies ranging from biography to general histories of music, from theoretical treatises to studies of such diverse aspects as country music, opera, and band music. The score collection includes solos, orchestral studies, exercise books, and chamber music. Also located in the collection are all masters’ theses and documents written by graduate students in the College of Musical Arts. The Sound Recordings Archives, considered the nation’s premier collection of popular music sound recordings, contains over 650,000 recordings representing all styles of popular music and all recorded formats.”
Broadcast Pioneers Library of American Broadcasting
“The Library of American Broadcasting holds a wide-ranging collection of audio and video recordings, books, pamphlets, periodicals, personal collections, oral histories, photographs, scripts and vertical files devoted exclusively to the history of broadcasting. Founded in 1972 as the Broadcast Pioneers Library, it was housed in the headquarters of the National Association of Broadcasters in Washington, D.C., until 1994, when it became part of the University of Maryland Libraries.”
Broadcasting Archives at McKissick Museum
Located in Columbia, South Carolina, the McKissick Museum has a broadcasting archive.
Chicago Historical Society Archives
“The Museum’s collection of over 22 million artifacts and documents is a rich source for the study of the history of Chicago as metropolitan urban center that spans five counties, as part of the state of Illinois, and as a part of the broader history of the United States. Explore the research resources available in each of our eight main collection areas: Architecture, Archives and Manuscripts (includes Radio, Oral History, and Sound Recordings), Books and other Published Materials, Costumes and Textiles, Decorative and Industrial Arts, Fine Arts (includes Paintings, Sculpture, and Works-On-Paper),Prints and Photographs (includes Film and Video).”
“The Library’s audio collections are now the largest in the United States and among the most comprehensive in the world, reflecting the entire history of sound technology, from the first wax cylinders, through LPs and tape, to the latest compact audio discs.”
The Martin Luther King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
“The King Center Archive is the world’s largest collection of primary source material on the civil rights movement.” It includes cassettes of speeches and sermons.
“The Pacifica Radio Archives Collection of 40,000 plus audio tapes is the oldest collection of public radio programming the the United States. The collection includes speeches, public affairs programs, documentaries, musical performances, commentaries and news coverages, some of which date back as far as the 1950s.”
Priceless Sound Productions (no website)
“Contains over 10,000 programs in four major categories: 1) Children’s Programs; 2) Comedy; 3) Drama, Mystery and Variety; and 4) History, News and Documentary.” For more info, call (408) 753-2558, ask for Tom Price.
Society to Preserve and Encourage Radio Drama, Variety and Comedy (SPERDVAC)
The Sperdvac libraries contain over 2000 reels of Old Time Radio, including Hopalong Cassidy, Quiet Please, Mysterious Traveler, The Whistler, Dimension X, X Minus One, Tales of the Texas Rangers and Inner Sanctum Mysteries.
“The G. Robert Vincent Voice Library is the largest academic voice library in the nation. It is located on the fourth floor of the West wing of the MSU Library. It houses taped utterances (speeches, performances, lectures, interviews, broadcasts, etc.) by over 50,000 persons from all walks of life recorded over 100 years.”
Historical
Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
“The Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs was established in 1960 to collect and preserve records of the American labor movement, with special emphasis upon industrial unionism and related social, economic, and political organizations in the United States. It also collects historical records related to urban affairs, with particular focus upon metropolitan Detroit. The archives of Wayne State University and its predecessor institutions are also held at the Reuther Library. Currently, the Library´s holdings comprise 70,000 linear feet of records, found within 1,600 individual archival collections, and an Audio-Visual collection of over 1 million items, including 2,000 reels of film.”
Bowling Green State University Center for Archival Collections
“The CAC is a local history repository within Libraries and Learning Resources at Bowling Green State University. The primary mission of the CAC is to actively acquire, preserve, and make accessible to researchers historical materials in four broad categories: Northwest Ohio, University Archives, Rare Books and Special Collections. Its collections draw scholars, residents and students from throughout the University, the region and the world.” Includes the Gish Collection, a set of materials bequeathed to the university by silent film stars Lillian and Dorothy Gish.
“Archival holdings include: government documents and records; private historical manuscripts and papers; maps, charts and architectural plans; photographs; paintings, drawings and prints; audio and video tapes; film; newspapers; and an extensive library of publications with a strong emphasis on the social and political history of British Columbia and the Pacific North West.”
Chicago Historical Society Archives
“The Museum’s collection of over 22 million artifacts and documents is a rich source for the study of the history of Chicago as metropolitan urban center that spans five counties, as part of the state of Illinois, and as a part of the broader history of the United States. Explore the research resources available in each of our eight main collection areas: Architecture, Archives and Manuscripts (includes Radio, Oral History, and Sound Recordings), Books and other Published Materials, Costumes and Textiles, Decorative and Industrial Arts, Fine Arts (includes Paintings, Sculpture, and Works-On-Paper), Prints and Photographs (includes Film and Video).”
“IWM’s collection covers all aspects of conflict involving Britain, its former Empire and the Commonwealth, from the First World War to the present day. As well as objects, it includes a range of media, from art, film and photographs to printed materials, documents and sound.”
Mississippi Department of Archives and History
“The Archives and Library Division of the Department of Archives and History is responsible for collecting, processing, cataloging, preserving, and making available to the interested public official records, private manuscripts, books, documents, newspapers, maps, photographs, and audiovisual material relating to the prehistory and history of Mississippi.”
National Archives and Records Administration
This government agency seeks to preserve United States history by managing all federal records. Though best known, perhaps, for being the home of such classic American documents as the Constitution, Declaration of Independence, and Bill of Rights, the National Archives also holds billions of significant textual materials from the three branches of the federal government. The multimedia collections of the archives include nearly 300,000 reels of motion picture film, more than 200,000 sound and video recordings, and nearly 14 million still pictures and posters. Many images (e.g., World War II photos and propaganda posters) may be accessed via the Archival Research Catalog (ARC) within the NARA site.
Ohio State University Archives
“The Archives identifies, preserves, and makes available the documentation of continuing and historical value to Ohio State University. . . . In addition, the University Archives provides archival services for the Byrd Polar Research Center and the John Glenn Institute.”
Special Collections and University Archives – Marquette University
“The Department of Special Collections and University Archives holds notable collections, comprising 230 cubic feet, which document the contributions of Catholic women in promoting basic human rights, inter-racial justice, women’s rights, and world peace, and in responding to the immediate needs of the poor. Growing collections of photographs and sound and video recordings have become the most heavily used materials in the Catholic Worker Archives. The department holds almost 300 audiotapes of oral history interviews with CW volunteers and others associated with the movement (transcripts exist for most interviews), and more than 500 audiotape recordings of discussions, talks, and radio and television programs.”
Texas Tech University Southwest Collection
“This collection preserves materials relating to the development of the American Southwest. It includes audio, video and film holding covering periods such as the Depression, World War II, and television’s golden age.”
Online Content
“The Internet Archive, a 501(c)(3) non-profit, is building a digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form. Like a paper library, we provide free access to researchers, historians, scholars, and the general public.” Includes the “Wayback Machine”, a 150 billion page web archive.
Political Messages
The Annenberg/Pew Archive of Presidential Campaign Discourse
“Transcripts of speeches, television ads and debates of twelve United States general election Presidential campaigns – 1952 through 1996. Includes the work of the two major party nominees – with the exception of Barry Goldwater. Collection begins September 1 of each election year and ends on electrion eve or day. Nomination acceptance speeches are also included. The Archive is available on CD-ROM and is fully searchable by subject and keyword.”
Congressional and Political Collections at the University of Oklahoma
The Congressional and Political Collections catalog political advertisements and other related material. The archive contains more than 56,000 radio and television commercials representing candidates running for offices from the U. S. Presidency all the way down to school boards. Also included in the collection are commercials by political action committees, ads sponsored by corporations and special interest groups on public issues, and commercials done for foreign elections. Many items in the archive are one-of-a-kind.
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
“One segment of the Eisenhower Library audiovisual archives consists of 675,000 feet of motion picture film. The largest portion of the motion picture holdings covering the presidential years was given to the President by national network television companies. The Library also has a number of documentary films relating to World War II, as well as, original film footage covering such subjects as the surrender of the Italian fleet at Malta and German surrender films. Although the Library cannot loan film, it will provide a non-broadcast quality cassette reproduction. The library also has manuscripts and audio recordings.”
Gerald R. Ford Library and Museum
“The Library is more than a place for storing 20 million documents and a half million audiovisual items; it is really a bundle of programs designed to make the huge mass of paper and film truly accessible. Archivists first locate, acquire, and organize collections of material, then create detailed narrative summaries (called “finding aids”) that describe the collections. Researchers use these descriptions, along with PRESNET (a computer database describing more than 63,000 collections, series, and folders) and the advice of the archivists to find their way to documents on their topic.”
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library
This collects a potpourri of JFK-related materials, including 34,000 million of pages of documents and manuscripts, 147,000 photographs, 6,600 reels of film, nearly 11,000 reels of audiotape, and 25,000 cataloged books.
Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum
Contains Hoover speeches, radio interviews and related reading scripts.
Harry S. Truman Library and Museum
This library contains just about all you’d ever want to know about President Truman, including documents, speeches, documentaries, and newsreels relating to Truman and persons and events from his administration.
Wake Forest University Political Speeches Site
Professor Allan Louden has compiled a rich list of web sites at which political speeches may be found in both textual and audio form.
Corpora
“The American National Corpus (ANC) project is creating a massive electronic collection of American English, including texts of all genres and transcripts of spoken data produced from 1990 onward. The ANC will provide the most comprehensive picture of American English ever created, and will serve as a resource for education, linguistic and lexicographic research, and technology development…The ANC has so far released 22 million words of American English…and has also released an “Open” portion of the full ANC consisting of approximately 15 million words, which is >freely available for download. All ANC and OANC data include annotations for word ands sentence boundaries, part of speech (4 tagsets), and noun and verb chunks. Parts of the corpus are annotated for additional linguistic features.”
“The British National Corpus (BNC) is a 100 million word collection of samples of written and spoken language from a wide range of sources, designed to represent a wide cross-section of current British English, both spoken and written.”
Other Resources
The Henry A. Murray Research Center focuses on human development across life span. The center’s archives collect data extracted from many types of subjects (e.g., male and female) through a variety of research methods (though content analysis is not specifically mentioned on the website). Also included in the archive are some video-taped data (e.g., over 1,200 hours of human interaction, including couples and child dyads) and audio-taped data. One specialty area of emphasis at the archive has been longitudinal studies of mental health.